. 2017 Jun;139(6):e20163781. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-3781

TABLE 2.

Characteristics of Enrolled Studies Using a Backward Approach (CA in CP Cases)

Studies Enrolled	Country	Study Period	wk/g	CA/CP	Singleton/Twin	CP Diagnosed Age	Study Type by Original Authors	Study Quality	Notes
CCA in preterm CP
Accordino et al⁴² 2016: 1	Italy	2006–2012	24–34	2/26: 6/142	Singleton	1 y	Retrospective	Good	PPROM and PTL
Manuck et al⁴³ 2014	United States	1997–2004	<34	62/459: 161/1312	Both	2 y	Second RCT	Good	Same cohort as in ref 25
Skrablin et al⁴⁴ 2008	Croatia	1999–2001	<37	7/35: 3/35	Both	>2 y	Case-control	Good
Neufeld et al⁴⁵ 2005: 1	United States	1987–1999	<37	33/247: 9/180	Singleton	≤6 y	Case-control	Fair
Takahashi et al⁴⁶ 2005	Japan	1990–1998	22–33	3/30: 17/150	Both	4 y	Retrospective cohort	Good
Vigneswaran et al⁴⁷ 2004: 1	Australia	1984–1994	<1500 g	10/82: 27/207	Singleton	5 y	Case-control	Good	Minimal CP excluded
Nelson et al⁴⁸ 2003: 1	United States	1988–1994	<32	20/64: 29/107	Singleton	4 y	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Jacobsson et al⁴⁹ 2002: 1	Sweden	1983–1990	<37	16/148: 19/296	Both	≥4 y	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Gray et al⁵⁰ 2001	Australia	1989–1996	24–27	9/30: 26/120	Both	≥2 y	Case-control	Good
Matsuda et al⁵¹ 2000: 1	Japan	1992–1996	26–30	6/22: 19/170	Singleton	>2 y	Case-control	Fair	Not matched
Redline et al⁵² 2000: 1	United States	1983–1991	<1500 g	17/60: 7/59	Singleton	20 mo	Case-control	Good
Yoon et al⁵³ 2000: 1	Korea	1993–1995	≤35	2/14: 7/109	Singleton	3 y	Cohort	Good
Wilson-Costello et al⁵⁴ 1998	United States	1983–1991	<1500 g	11/50: 6/50	Singleton	20 mo	Case-control	Good
O’Shea et al⁵⁵ 1998a	United States	1978–1989	500–1500 g	21/160: 10/80	Both	1 y	Case-control	Fair	Postnatally caused CP excluded
O’Shea et al⁵⁶ 1998b: 1	United States	1986–1993	500–1500 g	12/52: 11/110	Singleton	1 y	Case-control	Fair	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Yoon et al⁵⁷ 1997: 1	Korea	1993–1995	26–35	1/8: 4/75	Singleton	6 mo	Retrospective cohort	Fair	May have PIH
Cooke⁵⁸ 1990	United Kingdom	1980–1986	<1501 g	17/81: 6/81	Both	2 y	Case-control	Good
CCA in term/ near-term CP
Neufeld et al⁴⁵ 2005: 2	United States	1987–1999	≥37	7/395: 25/2675	Singleton	≤6 y	Case-control	Fair
Wu et al⁵⁹ 2003: 1	United States	1991–1998	≥36	15/106: 9/215	Singleton	>15 mo	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Grether and Nelson⁶⁰ 1997: 1	United States	1983–1985	≥2500 g	5/46: 5/378	Singleton	3 y	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
HCA in preterm CP
Accordino et al⁴² 2016: 2	Italy	2006–2012	24–34	8/26: 57/142	Singleton	1 y	Retrospective	Good	PPROM and PTL
Huetz et al³³ 2016	France	2008–2011	24–34	4/17: 32/179	Singleton	2 y	Cohort	Good
Horvath et al⁶¹ 2012	Hungary	2000–2010	<1500 g	7/11: 36/130	NA	>1 y	Cohort	Fair
Redline et al⁶² 2007	United States	1992–1995	<1000 g	8/18: 61/111	Singleton	8 y	Cohort	Good
Vigneswaran et al⁴⁷ 2004: 2	Australia	—	<1500 g	22/54: 56/150	Singleton	5 y	Case-control	Good
Nelson et al⁴⁸ 2003: 2	United States	1988–1994	<32	31/64: 58/107	Singleton	4 y	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Jacobsson et al⁴⁹ 2002: 2	Sweden	1983–1990	<37	10/28: 6/45	Both	>4 y	Case-control	Good
Matsuda et al⁵¹ 2000: 2	Japan	1992–1996	26–30	8/22: 61/170	Singleton	>2 y	Case-control	Good	Not matched
Redline et al⁵² 2000: 2	United States	1983–1991	<1500 g	37/60: 35/59	Singleton	20 mo	Case-control	Good
Yoon et al⁵³ 2000: 2	Korea	1993–1995	≤35	10/12: 44/105	Singleton	3 y	Cohort	Good
O’Shea et al⁵⁶ 1998b: 2	United States	1986–1993	500–1500 g	14/21: 17/28	Singleton	1 y	Case-control	Fair	Postnatally caused CP excluded
Yoon et al⁵⁷ 1997: 2	Korea	1993–1995	26–35	6/7: 33/75	Singleton	6 mo	Retrospective cohort	Fair	May have PIH
HCA in term/ near-term CP
Wu et al⁵⁹ 2003: 2	United States	1991–1998	≥36	5/19: 1/9	Singleton	>15 mo	Case-control	Good
Grether and Nelson⁶⁰ 1997: 2	United States	1983–1985	≥2500 g	3/46: 3/378	Singleton	3 y	Case-control	Good	Postnatally caused CP excluded
CCA/HCA in preterm CP
Costantine et al⁶³ 2007	United States	1993–2002	500 g–1 kg	11/19: 8/38	NA	18–22 mo	Case-control	Good

PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PPROM, premature rupture of membranes; PTL, preterm labor.