TABLE 2.
Baseline and Follow-Up Results for the Primary and Secondary Time Points: Treatment Versus Control
| Measure | Mean (SE)
|
Pa | Effect Sizeb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment (n = 30)
|
Control (n = 32)
|
|||||||
| Baseline | Follow-Up | Change | Baseline | Follow-Up | Change | |||
| Brief Pain Inventory | ||||||||
| Worst pain | 6.00 (0.40) | 3.57 (0.44) | −2.40 (0.56) | 5.53 (0.45) | 5.62 (0.43) | 0.09 (0.40) | .001 | 0.83 |
| Average pain | 4.90 (0.35) | 2.70 (0.38) | −2.20 (0.50) | 4.38 (0.44) | 4.50 (0.35) | 0.13 (0.33) | .001 | 0.88 |
| Pain interference | 3.35 (0.30) | 1.49 (0.30) | −1.86 (0.42) | 2.92 (0.24) | 2.90 (0.45) | −0.02 (0.40) | .009 | 0.66 |
| Pain severity | 4.70 (0.27) | 2.70 (0.38) | −2.00 (0.46) | 4.58 (0.27) | 4.25 (0.36) | −0.33 (0.38) | .001 | 0.77 |
| Activity interference | 4.15 (0.33) | 1.80 (0.31) | −2.35 (0.46) | 3.71 (0.27) | 3.59 (0.51) | −0.12 (0.48) | .001 | 0.76 |
| Affective interference | 2.74 (0.31) | 1.25 (0.32) | −1.50 (0.42) | 2.33 (0.25) | 2.39 (0.44) | 0.06 (0.39) | .042 | 0.51 |
| PQAS | ||||||||
| Unpleasantness | 6.43 (0.36) | 3.17 (0.43) | −3.27 (0.49) | 6.39 (0.37) | 5.74 (0.40) | −0.65 (0.30) | .000 | 1.17 |
| Numbness | 6.53 (0.51) | 2.90 (0.44) | −3.63 (0.47) | 6.67 (0.52) | 5.68 (0.50) | −1.00 (0.47) | .000 | 1.09 |
| Tingling | 6.19 (0.56) | 2.84 (0.39) | −3.35 (0.49) | 6.61 (0.49) | 5.64 (0.42) | −0.10 (0.39) | .000 | 1.25 |
| Intensity | 5.90 (0.38) | 3.52 (0.40) | −2.39 (0.49) | 5.27 (0.46) | 5.87 (0.39) | −0.60 (0.41) | .001 | 0.73 |
| Tenderness | 4.40 (0.45) | 1.17 (0.26) | −3.20 (0.48) | 3.68 (0.56) | 3.84 (0.50) | 0.16 (0.54) | .000 | 1.19 |
| Surface pain | 4.90 (0.53) | 2.65 (0.40) | −2.25 (0.55) | 5.42 (0.44) | 6.00 (0.41) | −0.55 (0.38) | .000 | 1.33 |
| Deep pain | 4.23 (0.37) | 1.42 (0.22) | −2.81 (0.38) | 3.88 (0.43) | 3.50 (0.42) | −0.38 (0.30) | .000 | 1.10 |
| Sensitive | 3.23 (0.43) | 1.27 (0.25) | −1.96 (0.55) | 3.77 (0.60) | 3.13 (0.54) | −0.65 (0.63) | .004 | 0.78 |
| Itchy | 2.0 (0.49) | 0.73 (0.24) | −1.27 (0.36) | 1.52 (0.46) | 2.06 (0.52) | 0.55 (0.47) | .003 | 0.59 |
| Sharp | 4.35 (0.51) | 2.16 (0.43) | −2.19 (0.54) | 4.25 (0.52) | 4.00 (0.55) | −0.26 (0.32) | .001 | 0.67 |
| Hot | 2.71 (0.44) | 1.00 (0.30) | −1.71 (0.39) | 2.19 (0.55) | 2.16 (0.47) | −0.03 (0.33) | .001 | 0.53 |
| Dull | 4.16 (0.56) | 2.45 (0.35) | −1.71 (0.54) | 4.81 (0.46) | 3.94 (0.44) | −0.87 (0.58) | .017 | 0.67 |
| Cold | 3.64 (0.61) | 1.45 (0.39) | −2.19 (0.50) | 2.58 (0.54) | 3.25 (0.63) | 0.68 (0.37) | .000 | 0.62 |
| Shooting | 3.77 (0.61) | 1.27 (0.35) | −2.50 (0.55) | 3.71 (0.54) | 3.90 (0.56) | 0.19 (0.41) | .000 | 1.02 |
| Electrical | 3.53 (0.62) | 1.67 (0.41) | −1.87 (0.69) | 3.45 (0.62) | 3.77 (0.53) | 0.32 (0.70) | .002 | 0.80 |
| Cramping | 4.71 (0.58) | 1.68 (0.40) | −3.03 (0.57) | 3.70 (0.62) | 3.13 (0.53) | −0.55 (0.52) | .002 | 0.56 |
| Radiating | 4.10 (0.58) | 0.65 (0.22) | −3.45 (0.58) | 3.65 (0.53) | 3.19 (0.55) | −0.45 (0.35) | .000 | 1.10 |
| Throbbing | 3.42 (0.57) | 0.81 (0.28) | −2.61 (0.46) | 3.71 (0.63) | 3.77 (0.60) | 0.06 (0.47) | .000 | 1.13 |
| Aching | 4.55 (0.54) | 0.90 (0.25) | −3.65 (0.48) | 3.68 (0.55) | 3.32 (0.55) | −0.35 (0.56) | .000 | 1.02 |
| Heavy | 4.29 (0.66) | 1.26 (0.37) | −3.03 (0.61) | 3.55 (0.58) | 3.35 (0.60) | −0.19 (0.47) | .000 | 0.75 |
Abbreviations: PQAS, Pain Quality Assessment Scale; SE, standard error.
a
P values were acquired from a general linear model.
b
Effect sizes were calculated on the basis of group differences in change scores from the pretraining period to the posttraining period with Cohen’s d.