Table 2.
Information of 3D-printed sensors.
| Application of Sensor | Method | Printer/Platform (Resolution: XY/Z (μm); Fabrication Temperature) | Material | Transduction Mechanism | 3D-Printed Parts | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strain sensors | DIW | ABG 10000, Aerotech. | Carbon-based ink | Resistance | Sensing part | [7] |
| LOM | Silicone rubber | Resistance | Sensing part | [8] | ||
| DIW | Objet Connex500 (20-85/16) | VeroBlue RGD840 | Capacitance | Sensing part | [9] | |
| DIW | Graphene aerogel | Resistance | Sensing part | [10] | ||
| Pressure sensors | Ployjet | Objet Connex 350 (20-85/16) | TangoBlack polymer | Capacitance | Mechanical frame | [11] |
| FDM | X-Truder( 230 °C) | ABS-based material | Capacitance | Sensing part | [12] | |
| FDM | BFB 3D Touch(200/125) | PVDF | Capacitance | Bionic sensing part | [13] | |
| FDM | ABS | Optical absorbance | Sensing part | [14] | ||
| Tactile sensors | FDM | Stratasys FDM Titan(-/120) | PC | Capacitance | Origami package | [15,16] |
| DLP | Autodesk Ember Printer | photopolymer | Piezo resistance | Sensing part | [17] | |
| Displacement sensors | Ployjet | DMP-3000(25-50/30) | SunTronic Jet Silver U6503 | Inductance | Sensing part | [18] |
| FDM | Nd-Fe-B magnets | Hall-effect | Sensing part | [19] | ||
| Accelerometers | 3DP | DMP-2831(30/30) | silver nanoparticles | Capacitance | Sensing part | [20] |
| FDM,SLA | Thermoplastics | Gravity | Sensing part | [21] | ||
| Angular sensors | Ployjet | DMP-3000(25-50/30) | Suntronic Jet Silver U6503 | Capacitance | Electrodes | [22,23] |
| FDM | Shapeways(-/16) | Plastic | Hall effect | Sensing part | [24] | |
| Acoustics and Ultrasonics Sensors | DIW | Fab@Home | Cell-seeded hydrogel | RF reception | Bionic sensing part | [25] |
| Ployjet | Objet EDEN 260V(20-85/16) | MED610 polyjet ink | Capacitance | Sensing part | [26] | |
| DLP | Photo-sensitive resins | Piezo resistance | Sensing part | [27] | ||
| FDM | MakerBot Replicator2(11/100) | PLA | Frequency distribution | Sensing part | [28] | |
| Optical sensors | Ployjet, SLA | Agilista 3000; Viper/3D systems | Photopolymer | Optical metrology | Sensing part | [29] |
| Polyjet | CONNEX 350(20-85/16) | DM 8515 Grey 35 Polymer | Optical intensity | Sensing part | [30] | |
| 3DP | Dimatix DMP 2831(30/30) | Photopolymer | Waveguides | Sensing part | [31] | |
| Polyjet | Objet Eden260V(20-85/16) | MED610 polymer | Light travels in straight lines | Optical fiber | [32] | |
| Electromagnetic Sensors | DLP | Z650, ZCorp | zp®150 | Resonance frequency | Sensing part | [33] |
| FDM | ProJet HD 3000(25-50/30) | VisiJet® EX 200, VisiJet® S100 | Inductor-capacitor (LC) | Sensing part | [34] | |
| EEG sensors | FDM | Ultimaker 2(-/100) | PLA, ABS | Resistance | EEG electrode | [35] |
| FDM | Ultimaker 2(-/100) | PLA | Resistance | EEG electrode | [36] | |
| Magnetic field sensors | Ployjet | Nano silver or copper ink | Resistance | Sensing part | [37] | |
| SLA | DWS028JPlus(-/10-100) | Ferromagnetic Photopolymers | Tip deflection | Sensing part | [38] | |
| Antennas | DIW | ABL 9000, Aerotech | Silver nanoparticle ink | RF reception | Sensing part | [39] |
| FDM | Dupont 5064H | RF reception | Platform | [40] | ||
| 3DP | Self-developed | EPOLAM 5015 resin | RF reception | Platform | [41] | |
| SLA | Shapeways(-/16) | Steel | Patch antenna | Platform | [42] | |
| 3D inkjet | DMP-2831(30/30) | UTDAg silver nanoink | Patch antenna | Sensing part | [43] | |
| Biosensors | DLP | Spot-HT | Spot-A materials | Chemiluminescent | Platform | [44] |
| DIW | Self-developed | PDMS, Hydrogel | Resistance | Sensing part | [45] | |
| Chemosensors | Polyjet | EDEN260V(20-85/16) | Photosensitive resin; | Electrochemical | Platform | [46] |
| Ployjet | DMP-2800(;70 °C) | Polyaniline | Electrochemical | Sensing part | [47] | |
| SLS | Concept Laser GmbH | Metallic particle (CL 20ES) | Potentiometric | Helical-shaped electrode | [48] | |
| FDM | MakerBot Replicator(11/100) | Polylactic acid (PLA) | Electro-chemiluminescence | Fluidic device and wash reservoir | [49] | |
| Sensor for monitoring food quality | FDM | ProJet HD 3000(25-50/30) | VisiJet EX200, VisiJet S100 | Electrochemical | Platform | [50] |
| Gas Detection Sensors | DLP | Objet Connex 500(20-85/16) | Photopolymer | Electrochemical | Platform | [51] |
| Screen printing | MT650 | Alumina paste | Electrochemical | Sensing part | [52] | |
| Polyjet | ProJet 3510 Series(30/29) | Visijet M3 crystal polymer | Resonant frequency | Separation device | [53] | |
| Flow sensors | SLA | Self-developed | Conducting polymers | Resistance | Sensing part | [54] |
| FDM | BFB 3000 (50/125) | Magnetite nanoparticle thermoplastic | Hall effect | Sensing part | [55] | |
| Humidity sensors | Ployjet | DMP-2800 | DGP-40LT-15C | Capacitance | Sensing part | [56] |
| DIW | DMP-3000(25-50/30) | Graphene/methyl-red composite | Resistance | Sensing part | [57] | |
| Inkjet printed | DMP-2831(30/30) | DGP 40LT-15C | Resistance | Sensing part | [58] | |
| Temperature sensors | Inkjet printed | Badger | Exfoliated graphite and latex solution | Resistance | Sensing part | [59] |
| SLA | Photonics professional Nanoscribe GmbH | Photopolymer | Electro-chemiluminescence | Sensing part | [60] |