Table 3. Risk of gastrointestinal cancers in digitalis users compared with users of organic nitrates only by duration of exposure using Cox regression.
| Sites | Prevalent users | Incident users | All | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 year | 1-2 years | ≥ 2years | ||||||||
| N | HR (95% CI) * | N | HR (95% CI) * | N | HR (95% CI) * | N | HR (95% CI) * | N | HR (95% CI) * | |
| Esophagus a | 104 | 1.36 (1.08, 1.71) | 35 | 1.46 (1.01, 2.11) | 13 | 1.36 (0.63, 2.94) | 4 | 0.51 (0.17, 1.50) | 156 | 1.26 (1.05, 1.51) |
| Stomach, cardia b | 53 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) | 14 | 1.21 (0.69, 2.15) | 3 | 0.74 (0.16, 3.29) | 3 | 0.85 (0.22, 3.27) | 73 | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) |
| Stomach, non-cardia c | 156 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 46 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 16 | 1.23 (0.61, 2.47) | 9 | 0.68 (0.32, 1.43) | 227 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) |
| Small intestine d | 47 | 1.06 (0.76, 1.48) | 15 | 1.59 (0.90, 2.79) | 2 | 0.29 (0.06, 1.48) | 0 | - | 64 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.34) |
| Colon or rectum e | 1,578 | 1.24 (1.16, 1.31) | 576 | 1.72 (1.57, 1.89) | 145 | 1.33 (1.04, 1.69) | 12 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 2,427 | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30) |
| Liver or intrahepatic bile duct f | 96 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 28 | 1.16 (0.77, 1.75) | 10 | 0.90 (0.39, 2.10) | 6 | 0.40 (0.16, 0.98) | 140 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) |
| Gallbladder g | 36 | 1.76 (1.16, 2.68) | 13 | 1.93 (1.04, 3.59) | 6 | 3.85 (0.72, 20.55) | 2 | 1.00 (0.18, 5.67) | 57 | 1.66 (1.20, 2.28) |
| Extrahepatic bile duct g | 19 | 0.84 (0.50, 1.40) | 5 | 1.04 (0.41, 2.67) | 3 | 2.63 (0.38, 18.02) | 0 | - | 27 | 0.82 (0.54, 1.26) |
| Ampullar of Vater g | 8 | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) | 2 | 0.92 (0.21, 4.11) | 1 | 1.19 (0.07, 19.72) | 0 | - | 11 | 0.63 (0.33, 1.20) |
| Pancreas h | 176 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 59 | 1.33 (1.00, 1.76) | 22 | 1.44 (0.79, 2.60) | 14 | 0.90 (0.48, 1.69) | 271 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) |
*Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), adjusted for sex, age, residence, and comorbidity.
aAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
bAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.
cAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, peptic ulcer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
dAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, Crohn's disease, Coeliac disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
eAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, Crohn's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
fAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, viral hepatitis, chronic liver diseases or liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.
gAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, cholelithiasis, viral hepatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
hAdjusted comorbidities included obesity, viral hepatitis, pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.