Table 2. The information of the most important biomarkers based on applications in clinical.
| Applicaiton | Marker | Fold change$ | P-value$ | VIP$ | N* | Perturbation& | Type# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key changea | Arabitol | −1.82 | - | - | 2 | decreasing | S2 |
| Key change | Galactose | −36.8 | <0.0005 | - | 2 | decreasing | S2 |
| Key change | Mannose | - | <0.05 | - | 2 | decreasing | S2 |
| Key change | pyruvate | −1.15 | 0.0307 | - | 2 | decreasing | S2 |
| Key change | Hydroxybutyrate | 1.95 | 0.0008 | 1.28 | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Key change | Glycochenodeoxycholate | 1.42 | <0.005 | - | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Key change | 1-Octanol | - | - | - | 2 | decreasing | S3 |
| Key change | Phosphocholine (PC) | - | <0.01 | 1.68 | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Key change | Oleic acid | 1.5 | 0.0009 | 1.58 | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Key change | Glutamic acid | - | - | - | 2 | increasing | S4 |
| Key change | Histidine | −1.24±0.06 | <0.005 | 1.91 | 3 | decreasing | S4 |
| Key change | Iso-glutamine | 1.7 | - | - | 2 | increasing | S4 |
| Key change | Methionine | −1.15±0.04 | <0.0001 | 1.30 | 3 | decreasing | S4 |
| Key change | Tryptophan | −1.52±0.10 | <0.0001 | 1.63±0.75 | 2 | decreasing | S4 |
| Key change | Phenol | −2.99±0.20 | <0.0001 | 1.72±0.78 | 2 | decreasing | S5 |
| Key change | Carnitine | 1.23 | 0.00007 | 1.25 | 2 | increasing | S5 |
| Key change | Urea | −1.39±0.03 | <0.0001 | 1.44±0.20 | 2 | decreasing | S5 |
| Stage | Glucose | - | <0.05 | - | 6 | decreasing | S2 |
| Stage | Succinate | 1.84 | <0.001 | 2.14 | 2 | increasing | S2, S3 |
| Stage | GPC | - | <0.005 | - | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Stage | Triglycerides | −1.3 | <0.005 | - | 2 | decreasing | S3 |
| Stage | Fumarate | (−,1.81) | <0.005 | 1.30 | 2 | contradictory | S3 |
| Stage | Taurine | (−2.10,1.3)b | (<0.001, <0.0005) | (4.25, -) | 4 | contradictory(1:3) | S4 |
| Stage | Tyrosine | (1.56,1.3±0.08) | (<0.001,<0.001) | (1.42, -) | 4 | contradictory(2:2) | S4 |
| Stage | Phenylalanine/L-Phenylalanine | (−1.35, 1.3) | (<0.0001,-) | (1.98,-) | 4 | contradictory(2:2) | S4 |
| Stage | P-cresol | (−3.57,- ) | - | (1.05,- ) | 2 | contradictory | S5 |
| Stage | Kynurenate | −2.50 | <0.005 | 2.17 | 1 | decreasing | S5 |
| Early diagnosis | Hexadecanedioic acid | −1.4 | - | - | 1 | decreasing | S3 |
| Early diagnosis | LPC(20:4) | 1.7 | - | - | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Early diagnosis | LPC(22:6) | 1.3 | - | - | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Early diagnosis | LPC(16:0) | 1.4 | - | - | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Early diagnosis | Octadecanoic acid | −1.5 | - | - | 1 | decreasing | S3 |
| Early diagnosis | Palmitic amide | −2.4 | - | - | 1 | decreasing | S3 |
| Recurrence | Palmitoleate | 2.25 | - | 1.90 | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Recurrence | Uracil | (1.59,2.9±1.25) | (<0.001, <0.003) | (1.15,1.56±0.53) | 5 | contradictory(4:1) | S5 |
| Recurrence | Lactate | 1.33±0.25 | <0.01 | 2.1±0.33 | 5 | increasing | S2, S3 |
| Recurrence | Glycerol | 1.48 | 0.0003 | 1.36 | 1 | increasing | S2 |
| Recurrence | Myoinositol | −1.29 | 0.008 | 1.10 | 3 | decreasing | S3 |
| Recurrence | Myristate | (− ,1.72) | ( ,0.00006) | ( ,1.56) | 2 | contradictory | S3 |
| Recurrence | 5-Oxoproline | 1.76 | <0.005 | 1.96 | 1 | increasing | S4 |
| Recurrence | Aspartate | 1.70 | 0.01 | 1.92 | 1 | increasing | S4 |
| Recurrence | cysteine | 1.62 | <0.005 | 1.64 | 1 | increasing | S4 |
| Recurrence | Alanine/ L-Alanine/β-Alanine | (−1.29±0.16, 2.99±2.22) |
- | (1.3±0.42,2.48) | 6 | contradictory(4:2) | S4 |
| Recurrence | Glutamate | (−1.29,-) | (<0.0001, -) | (1.02,-) | 2 | contradictory | S4 |
| Recurrence | Kyrunine | 4.31 | <0.0001 | 2.55 | 1 | increasing | S5 |
| Recurrence | Hypoxanthine | 1.38 | 0.03 | 1.84 | 2 | increasing | S5 |
| Prognosis/Survival | Choline | 1.2 | - | - | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Recurrence and Stage | 2-Aminobutyrate | 1.62±0.18 | - | 1.8±0.45 | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Recurrence and Survival | Iso-butyrate | 1.4 | - | - | 1 | increasing | S3 |
| Recurrence and Stage | Acetate | 2.97 | <0.005 | 2.27 | 2 | increasing | S3 |
| Recurrence and Stage | Putrescine | 1.53±0.08 | <0.005 | 1.1±0.05 | 2 | increasing | S4 |
| Survival and Stage | Proline/ L-Proline | 1.279 | <0.01 | - | 5 | increasing | S4 |
| Survival and Stage | P-cresol-b-Oglucuronide | - | - | - | 1 | increasing | S5 |
Note: akey change means the metabolites have the same tendency in more than one literatures.
*N means the times of biomarkers reported in literatures.
&increasing/decreasing=up-regulated / down-regulated in CRC.
$fold change, VIP of the metabolite reported in more than one literature were denoted by mean±sd. p value of the metabolite reported in more than one literature were denoted by the max one.
bFor contradictory (A, B), A means value for the contradictory marker with down-regulated, while B for up-regulated;
-means the values were not reported
Type # means the biomarkers are from original supplementary tables, e.g Type#-S3 means from Table S3.