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. 2017 Jun 14;7:3513. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03489-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ETEC LT secretion and cAMP activation in target epithelial cells. (A) LT in culture supernatants from the EPEC/ETEC hybrids compared to the prototype ETEC isolate H10407, as measured by a GM1-ganglioside binding assay. The negative controls are isolate 401140 and jf565/ΔLT, which lack the eltAB genes. (B) Functional effectiveness of heat-labile toxin was determined by examination of cAMP production in target Caco-2 epithelial cells following infection with mutant strains relative to the wild type H10407, or the jf565 eltAB mutant. The EPEC/ETEC isolates are indicated in bold.