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. 2017 Jun 14;7:3538. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03788-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterisations of ARPE-19 cells. (A–C) Qualitative assessment of the monolayer inside a microfluidic device. (A) Optical microscopic image, (B) 3D confocal microscopic image (cell tracker green), and (C) fluorescent image (blue: nucleus; red: ZO-1). (D,E) Plots of permeability to FITC-Dextran and concentrations of VEGF secretion under different conditions imposed by altering glucose concentration and/or adding CoCl₂ to the medium. Data sets were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA tests (showing a significant interaction effect for (E), p = 0.04); the asterisks * indicate significant findings from Tukey’s post-hoc tests. (D) mean FITC intensity (%) from lower channels is significantly different than those from upper channels (*p = 0.0005); pairwise comparisons between conditions are insignificant. (E) Pairwise comparisons between experimental conditions are insignificant while pairwise comparisons among the condition (red and blue bars for low glucose and low glucose & hypoxia) are significant (**p = 0.0022 and *p = 0.0162, respectively). N = 9 for (D) and (E).