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. 2017 Jun 14;7:3454. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03492-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Microbubble-mediated intravascular sonothrombolysis system. (A) Principle of microbubble-mediated intravascular sonothrombolysis by using a catheter-tipped forward-looking transducer; low-frequency ultrasound waves generate stable and inertial cavitation of locally injected microbubbles near the target blood clot. (B) Customized 620 kHz stacked piezoelectric transducers integrated with a microbubble-injection tube and polyimide housing: concave- and planar-aperture (lateral dimension <1.5 mm) prototypes (scale bar = 5 mm). (C) In vitro experiment setup; a tygon tube (ID: 4 mm, OD: 5.6 mm) was used as a vessel-mimicking structure. The hydrophone was used to detect the microbubble response. (D) Bovine blood clot sample (200 mg ± 10%) located in the tygon tube with 50 μl saline water (scale bar = 5 mm). The figures (A) and (C) were drawn through the combined use of Solidworks Education Edition, Microsoft PowerPoint, and Adobe Illustrator CC. The figures (B) and (D) were captured using a digital SLR camera (Canon EOS Rebel T3) with 50 mm lens (Canon, f/2.5 Compact Macro Lens), cropped and aligned using Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Illustrator CC.