FIGURE 3.

Production of β-carotene by the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains. The experiment was performed in three biological replicates. WYIB, the WAT11 yeast strain integrated with the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway; the WYIB strain was transformed with the empty vector pESC-TRP to give the control strain WYIB-TRP, and transformed with the gene targets to generate the recombinant yeast strains (WYIB-BMH1, WYIB-CAR1, WYIB-DID2, WYIB-PDC5, WYIB-TIF5, and WYIB-VOA1). The products of the gene targets shown in the yeast strains are 14-3-3 protein (Bmh1), arginase (Car1), class E protein of the vacuolar protein-sorting pathway (Did2), pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc5), translation initiation factor (Tif5), and vacuolar H(+)-ATPase subunit 1 (Voa1). Asterisks indicate significant differences. P < 0.05.