Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics Stratified by Grandparent's Educational Attainment after Multiple Imputation (N=2,870)

	Grandmother Less than High School (N=371)			Grandmother High School or Higher (N=2,499)			Grandfather Less than High School (N=385)			Grandfather High School or Higher (N=2,485)
	Mean	Standard deviation		Mean	Standard deviation		Mean	Standard deviation		Mean	Standard deviation
Birthweight (grams)	3181	626		3179	629		3132	646		3188	626
Low birthweight	0.13	0.33		0.12	0.32		0.15	0.36		0.12	0.32
Infant health condition	0.05	0.21		0.05	0.22		0.08	0.27		0.05	0.21	*
Mother's age <20	0.20	0.40		0.20	0.40		0.19	0.39		0.21	0.40
Mother's age >30	0.23	0.42		0.20	0.40		0.22	0.41		0.21	0.40
Female	0.49	0.50		0.48	0.50		0.49	0.50		0.48	0.50
Black	0.38	0.48		0.59	0.49	***	0.41	0.49		0.59	0.49	***
Hispanic	0.47	0.50		0.15	0.36	**	0.41	0.49		0.16	0.36	***
Other race/ethnicity	0.01	0.12		0.02	0.12		0.01	0.12		0.02	0.12
Lived with both parents at 15	0.37	0.48		0.36	0.48		0.40	0.49		0.35	0.48	*
Mother less than high school	0.45	0.50		0.32	0.46	***	0.40	0.49		0.33	0.47	**
Mother high school	0.33	0.47		0.33	0.47		0.36	0.48		0.32	0.47
Married to father	0.16	0.37		0.20	0.40	*	0.18	0.39		0.20	0.40
Medicaid use	0.73	0.44		0.62	0.49	***	0.71	0.46		0.63	0.48	**
History of depression	0.10	0.30		0.12	0.32		0.14	0.34		0.11	0.32	*
Pre-pregnancy abuse	0.03	0.18		0.03	0.18		0.05	0.21		0.03	0.17	*
Abuse during pregnancy	0.03	0.16		0.03	0.16		0.01	0.12		0.03	0.17	***
Had abortion in past	0.42	0.49		0.45	0.50		0.41	0.49		0.45	0.50
Pre-existing cardiovascular disease	0.04	0.20		0.04	0.20		0.04	0.20		0.04	0.20
Pre-existing diabetes	0.01	0.10		0.01	0.11		0.01	0.09		0.01	0.11
Pre-existing hypertension	0.02	0.15		0.03	0.18		0.03	0.16		0.03	0.18
Prenatal care started 1st trimester	0.42	0.49		0.46	0.50		0.43	0.50		0.46	0.50
Smoking during pregnancy	0.26	0.44		0.25	0.43		0.30	0.46		0.24	0.42	**
Alcohol use during pregnancy	0.09	0.29		0.08	0.27		0.10	0.31		0.08	0.27
Drug use during pregnancy	0.11	0.31		0.12	0.33		0.15	0.36		0.12	0.32
Preeclampsia	0.05	0.21		0.05	0.22		0.06	0.23		0.05	0.22
Gestational diabetes	0.06	0.24		0.04	0.20		0.06	0.24		0.04	0.20
Gestational hypertension	0.08	0.27		0.09	0.28		0.10	0.30		0.08	0.28

^*p<.05;

^**p<.01;

^***p<.001 (two-tailed).