Table 1.

Multi-level mixed method analysis of strategies that promote collaborative team science

Level	Challenges	Collaboration mechanisms	Advantages
Macro: NIH-BIRCWH	Leveraging limited scope and resources	Semiformal organizational structure Institution-level requirements (eg, protected time for mentoring, interdisciplinary teams, shared investments, high-ranking PI)	Large scale Consistent Flexibility/customization Institution-wide change Cost efficiencies
Meso: Institutions/sites	Integrating institution-wide change Compatible mental models Coordination Human resources Knowledge flows Standardized work routines	Promotion and tenure criteria Focus, knowledge, goals, experience, domain In-person program-wide meetings Formal written progress reports Workshops/seminars Mentor and scholar team meetings required Designated mentor roles	Recognition of interdisciplinary researchers and Mentors Women’s health, health care domain, interdisciplinary experience Enhanced knowledge Networking Continuous improvement Coordinated activities
Teams	Coordination	Research symposium Meeting of Directors Workshops Presentations Speed mentoring	Multiple compatible mental models (equipment, task, team interaction, teammate)
Scholars	Interpersonal competencies Relationship management Intellectual orientation	Research fora, clubs, societies	Active listening Interdisciplinary appreciation
Mentors		Mentor training roles: career vs. science Frequent meetings Written contracts Networking ability Formal assessments	Enhanced knowledge

NIH, National Institutes of Health; BIRCWH, Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health; PIs, Principal Investigators.