Table 5.
Predictors of regular NSAID use by NSAID type, NHANES 1999–2004, multivariate logistic regression
| Aspirin n=1195 |
Non-aspirin n=1126 |
More than one n=456 |
||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age category | ||||||
| 20–39 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 40–59 | 4.320 **,† | 3.217 to 5.801 | 1.409 *,† | 1.072 to 1.852 | 3.364 **,† | 2.192 to 5.164 |
| 60+ | 12.591 **,† | 9.163 to 17.301 | 1.547 *,† | 1.143 to 2.094 | 6.309 **,† | 3.868 to 10.289 |
| Race | ||||||
| NH White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| NH African American | 0.424 **,† | 0.335 to 0.537 | 0.656 **,† | 0.529 to 0.812 | 0.269 **,† | 0.211 to 0.344 |
| Mexican American | 0.314 **,† | 0.226 to 0.438 | 0.461 **,† | 0.372 to 0.572 | 0.400 **,† | 0.244 to 0.655 |
| Other | 0.735 | 0.427 to 1.267 | 0.558 *,† | 0.360 to 0.865 | 0.743 | 0.349 to 1.584 |
| Other Hispanic | 0.467 **,† | 0.309 to 0.705 | 0.859 | 0.642 to 1.149 | 0.511‡ | 0.261 to 1.003 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Female | 0.712 **,† | 0.587 to 0.863 | 1.669 **,† | 1.414 to 1.972 | 1.135 | 0.911 to 1.415 |
| Education | ||||||
| <HS | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Completed HS | 0.951 | 0.732 to 1.236 | 1.123 | 0.896 to 1.409 | 1.206 | 0.835 to 1.741 |
| Some college or more | 1.036 | 0.797 to 1.346 | 1.315 *,§ | 1.080 to 1.602 | 1.233 | 0.877 to 1.734 |
| BMI | ||||||
| <25 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 25 to <30 | 1.066 | 0.861 to 1.320 | 1.082 | 0.878 to 1.334 | 1.350 | 0.878 to 2.075 |
| >30 to <35 | 0.943 | 0.693 to 1.284 | 1.397 *,§ | 1.060 to 1.842 | 1.300 | 0.763 to 2.214 |
| ≥35 | 0.801 | 0.579 to 1.107 | 1.500 *,§ | 1.100 to 2.045 | 2.205 *,§ | 1.289 to 3.770 |
| Poverty to income ratio | ||||||
| ≤1.3 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| >1.3 to ≤ 3.5 | 1.532 **,§ | 1.194 to 1.965 | 1.034 | 0.847 to 1.263 | 1.117 | 0.759 to 1.645 |
| >3.5 | 1.428 *,§ | 1.103 to 1.851 | 1.142 | 0.877 to 1.488 | 1.395 | 0.969 to 2.008 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| 0 drinks/day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 1–2 drinks/day | 1.155 | 0.940 to 1.420 | 1.123 | 0.890 to 1.418 | 1.284 | 0.917 to 1.797 |
| ≥3 drinks/day | 0.785 | 0.571 to 1.080 | 1.043 | 0.800 to 1.361 | 1.026 | 0.652 to 1.615 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Former | 1.425 **,† | 1.196 to 1.699 | 1.242 | 0.991 to 1.557 | 1.331 | 0.993 to 1.786 |
| Current | 1.021 | 0.782 to 1.333 | 1.065 | 0.843 to 1.346 | 1.078 | 0.716 to 1.624 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Inactive | Ref, | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Insufficiently active | 1.053 | 0.834 to 1.328 | 1.058 | 0.862 to 1.299 | 0.927 | 0.690 to 1.245 |
| Active | 1.119 | 0.928 to 1.349 | 1.016 | 0.859 to 1.202 | 1.160 | 0.898 to 1.498 |
| Cancer history | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.833 | 0.653 to 1.063 | 1.350 * | 1.030 to 1.768 | 0.587 * | 0.382 to 0.902 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1.413 * | 1.101 to 1.813 | 0.95 | 0.678 to 1.331 | 1.481 | 0.960 to 2.286 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.970 | 0.776 to 1.214 | 1.019 | 0.756 to 1.374 | 1.302 | 0.858 to 1.976 |
| Heart disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 3.773 ** | 2.936 to 4.848 | 1.023 | 0.673 to 1.556 | 2.462 ** | 1.512 to 4.010 |
| Current health status | ||||||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Very good | 1.207 | 0.900 to 1.619 | 1.933 **,† | 1.418 to 2.635 | 3.671 **,† | 2.201 to 6.125 |
| Good | 1.452 *,† | 1.109 to 1.903 | 2.390 **,† | 1.777 to 3.214 | 5.542 **,† | 3.607 to 8.515 |
| Fair | 1.931 **,† | 1.363 to 2.736 | 3.763 **,† | 2.833 to 4.999 | 7.340 **,† | 4.420 to 12.189 |
| Poor | 2.213 *,§ | 1.275 to 3.841 | 7.384 **,† | 4.690 to 11.628 | 12.186 **,† | 6.439 to 23.061 |
| Waist circumference | ||||||
| ≤88 cm (women), ≤102 cm (men) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| >88 cm (women), >102 cm (men) | 1.474 **,† | 1.200 to 1.809 | 1.057 | 0.827 to 1.35 | 1.462 *,† | 1.026 to 2.083 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.001).†Association remains significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease.
‡Association is significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease, p<0.05.
§Association is no longer significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease.BMI, body mass index; cm, centimetre; HS, high school; NH, Non-Hispanic; NHANES, National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.