Table 5.

Differences in total costs and QALYs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for lifestyle and metformin vs placebo over 10 years

Differences in costs (∆ cost )	Lifestyle vs placebo	Metformin vs placebo	DPP group lifestyle vs placeboa
Health system perspectiveb
Undiscounted	1,656	−251	$81
Discountedb	1,748	−205	$201
Societal perspectived
Undiscounted	2,572	−3,644	$996
Discountedb	2,688	−3,021	$1,141
Differences in QALYs (∆ QALY)
Undiscounted	0.15	0.01	0.15
Discountedc	0.14	0.01	0.14
Health system perspectiveb
Undiscounted	10,759	Cost-saving	$528
Discountedc	12,878	Cost-saving	$1,478
Societal perspectived
Undiscounted	16,699	Cost-saving	$6,468
Discounted	19,812	Cost-saving	$8,412

^aSensitivity analysis. Assumes that the core curriculum and follow-up visits were conducted as group session with ten participants during the 3 years of DPP

^bIncludes total direct medical costs

^cBoth costs and QALYs discounted at 3 %

^dIncludes direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs including participant time, and indirect costs