Table 3.
Baseline characteristics for all patients
| Missing | Total | Viral a | Any virus b | Other c | p-value d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| values | (n = 254) | (n = 80) | (n = 91) | (n = 174) | Viral vs. any virus | Viral vs. other | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, mean years ± SD (range) | 41.5 ± 26.9 (0–88) | 29.0 ± 27.5 (0–83) | 29.6 ± 27.4 (0–83) | 47.2 ± 24.7 (0–88) | 0.89 | <0.001 | |
| Female sex, n (%) | 107 (42.1) | 28 (35.0) | 37 (40.7) | 79 (45.4) | 0.45 | 0.12 | |
| Children, n (%) | 72 (28.3) | 40 (50.0) | 45 (49.5) | 32 (18.4) | 0.94 | <0.001 | |
| Outpatients, n (%) | 23 (9.1) | 7 (8.8) | 7 (7.7) | 16 (9.2) | 0.80 | 0.91 | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Asthma | 14 (5.5) | 3 (3.8) | 5 (5.5) | 11 (6.3) | 0.87 | 0.61 | |
| COPD | 27 (10.6) | 5 (6.3) | 7 (7.7) | 22 (12.6) | 0.71 | 0.13 | |
| Other chronic lung diseasee | 39 (15.4) | 9 (11.3) | 10 (11.0) | 30 (17.2) | 0.96 | 0.22 | |
| Solid cancerf | 26 (10.2) | 3 (3.8) | 3 (3.3) | 23 (13.2) | 1.00 | 0.02 | |
| Haematologic malignancy | 48 (18.9) | 21 (26.3) | 24 (26.4) | 27 (15.5) | 0.99 | 0.04 | |
| Organ transplantation | 14 (5.5) | 4 (5.0) | 4 (4.4) | 10 (5.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Neutropenia | 29 (11.4) | 17 (21.3) | 17 (18.7) | 12 (6.9) | 0.68 | <0.001 | |
| HIV infection | 6 (2.4) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (2.9) | 1.00 | 0.77 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (10.6) | 6 (7.5) | 7 (7.7) | 21 (12.1) | 0.96 | 0.28 | |
| Collagen vascular disease/Vasculitis | 33 (13.0) | 4 (5.0) | 5 (5.5) | 29 (16.7) | 1.00 | 0.01 | |
| Systemic steroids | 57 (22.4) | 16 (20.0) | 20 (22.0) | 41 (23.6) | 0.75 | 0.53 | |
| Other Immunosuppressiong | 24 (9.4) | 8 (10.0) | 9 (9.9) | 16 (9.2) | 0.98 | 0.84 | |
| Chronic renal failure | 45 (17.7) | 11 (13.8) | 13 (14.3) | 34 (19.5) | 0.92 | 0.26 | |
| Clinical findings | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD (range) | 38 | 120 ± 25 (59–207) | 121 ± 26 (63–207) | 119 ± 26 (63–207) | 119 ± 24 (59–197) | 0.67 | 0.60 |
| Heart rate, beats/min, mean ± SD (range) | 11 | 106 ± 31 (51–234) | 114 ± 35 (51–186) | 114 ± 33 (51–186) | 102 ± 28 (56–234) | 1.00 | 0.01 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min, mean ± SD (range) | 145 | 34 ± 18 (10–103) | 37 ± 21 (12–103) | 37 ± 20 (12–103) | 32 ± 15 (10–88) | 1.00 | 0.17 |
| Body temperature, °C, mean ± SD (range) | 23 | 37.6 ± 1.0 (35.0–42.0) | 37.5 ± 1.0 (35.0–39.6) | 37.5 ± 1.0 (35.0–39.6) | 37.6 ± 1.0 (35.1–42.0) | 1.00 | 0.48 |
| Laboratory findingsh, mean ± SD (range) | |||||||
| C-reactive protein (maximum), mg/l | 15 | 132 ± 134 (1–999) | 111 ± 127 (1–500) | 117 ± 132 (1–500) | 141 ± 137 (1–999) | 0.77 | 0.11 |
| White blood cells (maximum), G/l | 13 | 12.8 ± 11.0 (0.0–97.0) | 12.4 ± 13.8 (0.2–97.0) | 13.1 ± 14.0 (0.2–97.0) | 13.1 ± 9.4 (0.0–63.1) | 0.75 | 0.69 |
| Platelets (minimum), G/l | 13 | 215 ± 134 (4–713) | 208 ± 156 (5–674) | 204 ± 149 (5–674) | 218 ± 123 (4–713) | 0.87 | 0.62 |
| Discharge diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||
| Bronchitis | 32 (12.6) | 16 (20.0) | 16 (17.6) | 16 (9.2) | 0.69 | 0.02 | |
| Acute exacerbation of COPD | 5 (2.0) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (2.3) | 1.00 | 0.99 | |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 22 (8.7) | 13 (16.3) | 14 (15.4) | 9 (5.2) | 0.88 | 0.004 | |
| Respiratory tract infection, unspecified | 11 (4.3) | 6 (7.5) | 8 (8.8) | 5 (2.9) | 0.76 | 0.18 | |
| Community-acquired pneumonia | 80 (31.5) | 27 (33.8) | 33 (36.3) | 53 (30.5) | 0.73 | 0.60 | |
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 22 (8.7) | 5 (6.3) | 6 (6.6) | 17 (9.8) | 0.93 | 0.36 | |
| Aspiration pneumonia | 3 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (1.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Tuberculosis | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | n/a | 0.64 | |
| Otheri | 76 (29.9) | 11 (13.8) | 11 (12.1) | 65 (37.4) | 0.75 | <0.001 | |
°C, degree Celsius, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, n number, SD standard deviation
aCases in which only one or more respiratory viruses were detected
bCases in which one or more respiratory viruses were detected (as single or mixed infection)
cIncludes bacterial etiology, mixed etiology, no pathogen
dFor continuous variables, 2-sample independent t-test was used. For categorical variables, Mantel-Haenszel chi square or Fisher exact test were used
eOther chronic lung diseases, e.g. cystic fibrosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary hypertension
fAll solid tumors including bronchial carcinoma
gPatients with one of the following conditions: primary or secondary antibody deficiency, congenital immunodeficiency, immunosuppressive therapy other than steroids, severe malnutrition with cachexia
hHighest/lowest value within a time period of 3 days before and 3 days after date of rtPCR
iOther infections (n = 24); neoplastic diseases (n = 7); collagen vascular; other rheumatologic or autoimmune (n = 15); sarcoidosis (n = 3); non-infectious non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases (n = 23); cardiovascular diseases (n = 3); gastroesophageal diseases (n = 1)