Fig. 2. Effects of hypoxia on SVFC viability and vascularization. (A) Long-term hypoxic conditioning significantly affects SVFC viability. Cell viability for the 3D bioprinted hydrogel constructs with SVFC conditioned in GM/EGM in either hypoxia or normoxia for up to 21 days (scale bar = 50 μm); (B) IHC staining of SVFC laden constructs showed that SVFC were positive for both CD31 and vWF in both normoxia and hypoxia after 7 day culture. In hypoxia, microvessel-like structures were also observed, indicated by white arrows (scale bar = 50 μm); (C) qPCR analysis of VEGFA, PECAM1, VE-cadherin and HIF1A in SVFC laden hydrogels after 7 and 14 day culture in GM/EGM in normoxia and hypoxia. Relative gene expression is presented as normalized to 18S and expressed relative to cells in normoxia for 7 days (n = 3; bars that do not share letters are significantly different from each other; p < 0.05).
