Table 1.
Participant Data
| Control | Sibling Control | 22q11DS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 N/mean age (SD) | 22/11.6 (2.0) | 28/12.0 (2.0) | 78/11.9 (2.1) |
| Time 2 N/mean age (SD) | 31/15.2 (1.6) | 31/15.3 (1.8) | 81/14.9 (2.2) |
| Time 3 N/mean age (SD) | 28/17.5 (1.4) | 26/18.5 (1.7) | 77/18.0 (2.2) |
| Time 4 N/mean age (SD) | 21/20.6 (1.4) | 21/21.9 (1.7) | 61/21.2 (2.2) |
| Gender (F/M) | 14/18 | 17/16 | 42/46 |
| Mean (SD) | |||
| Time 1 Verbal IQ | 95.5 (13.6) | 103.6 (14.5) | 73.6 (14.6)*** |
| Time 2 Verbal IQ | 99.4 (12.8) | 99.2 (16.3) | 72.7 (14.5)*** |
| Time 3 Verbal IQ | 104.6 (18.6) | 108.9 (16.6) | 75.7 (13.4)*** |
| Time 4 Verbal IQ | 102.8 (14.0) | 106.2 (19.6) | 76.4 (12.0)*** |
| Time 1 Performance IQ | 97.7 (14.8) | 107.9 (15.9) | 71.4 (11.6)*** |
| Time 2 Performance IQ | 102.0 (14.2) | 107.3 (17.2) | 70.5 (14.2)*** |
| Time 3 Performance IQ | 106.5 (18.0) | 112.2 (16.8) | 72.6 (12.5)*** |
| Time 4 Performance IQ | 108.3 (11.4) | 115.2 (18.9) | 75.6 (11.5)*** |
| Time 1 Full-Scale IQ | 96.3 (14.3) | 105.9 (15.5) | 70.2 (13.5)*** |
| Time 2 Full-Scale IQ | 100.4 (12.5) | 103.3 (17.2) | 69.2 (14.6)*** |
| Time 3 Full-Scale IQ | 106.0 (18.2) | 111.4 (16.8) | 72.2 (13.8)*** |
| Time 4 Full-Scale IQ | 105.6 (12.5) | 111.2 (20.9) | 74.2 (12.5)*** |
| Time 1 WIAT-II Reading | 90.3 (11.1) | 100.9 (15.7) | 77.5 (15.9)*** |
| Time 2 WIAT-II Reading | 95.2 (16.1) | 99.1 (14.5) | 80.2 (16.8)*** |
| Time 3 WIAT-II Reading | 99.7 (17.2) | 105.6 (16.9) | 78.5 (17.8)*** |
| Time 1 WIAT-II Math | 89.3 (14.0) | 99.9 (16.6) | 70.9 (17.0)*** |
| Time 2 WIAT-II Math | 91.8 (16.8) | 98.7 (17.5) | 66.8 (19.8)*** |
| Time 3 WIAT-II Math | 93.6 (14.7) | 99.1 (18.2) | 62.9 (19.0)*** |
| Time 1 WIAT-II Total | 88.8 (11.3) | 99.9 (16.2) | 73.2 (15.0)*** |
| Time 2 WIAT-II Total | 93.6 (17.1) | 98.0 (16.4) | 72.9 (16.6)*** |
| Time 3 WIAT-II Total | 98.9 (17.2) | 104.8 (18.8) | 70.9 (17.0)*** |
| Time 1 CVLT List A Total T score | 48.5 (11.0) | 51.7 (12.6) | 37.2 (11.5)*** |
| Time 2 CVLT List A Total T score | 47.6 (13.5) | 45.6 (12.5) | 33.1 (15.0)*** |
| Time 3 CVLT List A Total T score | 45.2 (14.1) | 41.2 (17.7) | 23.3 (14.9)*** |
| Time 4 CVLT List A Total T score | 36.4 (15.4) | 38.4 (17.1) | 15.6 (12.2)*** |
| Time 1 CVLT List A Trial 1 Standard Score | −0.3 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.9) | −0.8 (1.0)*** |
| Time 2 CVLT List A Trial 1 Standard Score | −0.3 (1.0) | −0.5 (0.9) | −1.1 (1.3)*** |
| Time 3 CVLT List A Trial 1 Standard Score | −0.4 (1.1) | −1.0 (1.4) | −1.7 (1.4)*** |
| Time 4 CVLT List A Trial 1 Standard Score | −0.8 (1.1) | −0.8 (1.0) | −2.4 (1.1)*** |
| Time 1 CVLT List A Trial 5 Standard Score | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.1) | −1.0 (1.3)*** |
| Time 2 CVLT List A Trial 5 Standard Score | −0.4 (1.5) | −0.5 (1.5) | −1.7 (1.7)*** |
| Time 3 CVLT List A Trial 5 Standard Score | −0.9 (1.8) | −1.2 (1.9) | −2.5 (2.1)*** |
| Time 4 CVLT List A Trial 5 Standard Score | −2.1 (1.7) | −1.6 (1.7) | −3.7 (1.7)*** |
| Time 1 CVLT List B Standard Score | −0.2 (0.8) | −0.4 (0.9) | −0.8 (1.1)*** |
| Time 2 CVLT List B Standard Score | −0.7 (1.1) | −0.6 (0.8) | −1.3 (0.9)*** |
| Time 3 CVLT List B Standard Score | −0.5 (1.0) | −1.1 (1.2) | −1.7 (1.0)*** |
| Time 4 CVLT List B Standard Score | −1.1 (0.9) | −1.1 (0.8) | −1.9 (1.0)*** |
| Time 1 GDS Vigilance Task Omission Error z score | −1.5 (3.0) | 0.0 (1.4) | −2.2 (3.7)*** |
| Time 2 GDS Vigilance Task Omission Error z score | 0.0 (1.4) | 0.3 (0.8) | −1.3 (3.2)*** |
| Time 3 GDS Vigilance Task Omission Error z score | 0.0 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | −0.6 (1.7)*** |
| Time 4 GDS Vigilance Task Omission Error z score | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.7) | −0.8 (2.0)*** |
| Time 1 GDS Vigilance Task Commission Error z score | −1.9 (3.6) | −0.1 (1.5) | −3.0 (5.5)*** |
| Time 2 GDS Vigilance Task Commission Error z score | −0.6 (1.8) | −0.1 (0.9) | −2.2 (4.3)*** |
| Time 3 GDS Vigilance Task Commission Error z score | −0.1 (0.6) | −0.1 (0.6) | −1.4 (3.2)*** |
| Time 4 GDS Vigilance Task Commission Error z score | 0.1 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.6) | −1.8 (3.2)*** |
| Time 2 GDS Distractibility Task Omission Error z score | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.8) | −1.2 (2.0)*** |
| Time 3 GDS Distractibility Task Omission Error z score | −0.4 (0.9) | −0.2 (0.6) | −1.0 (1.4)*** |
| Time 4 GDS Distractibility Task Omission Error z score | 0.0 (0.5) | −0.2 (0.8) | −1.6 (2.0)*** |
| Time 2 GDS Distractibility Task Commission Error z score | −1.9 (6.5) | −0.1 (0.9) | −4.8 (9.1)*** |
| Time 3 GDS Distractibility Task Commission Error z score | −0.5 (0.7) | −0.3 (0.6) | −1.2 (2.0)*** |
| Time 4 GDS Distractibility Task Commission Error z score | 0.0 (0.5) | −0.2 (0.9) | −1.7 (2.9)*** |
| Time 1 WCST Perseverative Error Standard Score | 92.8 (17.3) | 95.4 (14.0) | 71.8 (19.2)*** |
| Time 2 WCST Perseverative Error Standard Score | 100.7 (18.1) | 107.7 (14.8) | 85.8 (16.6)*** |
| Time 3 WCST Perseverative Error Standard Score | 108.4 (16.9) | 111.4 (16.4) | 89.7 (16.8)*** |
| Time 4 WCST Perseverative Error Standard Score | 109.1 (9.8) | 111.4 (17.5) | 86.1 (15.3)*** |
| Time 1 WCST Non-Perseverative Error Standard Score | 91.4 (15.4) | 91.2 (13.7) | 83.8 (15.8)*** |
| Time 2 WCST Non-Perseverative Error Standard Score | 98.3 (18.9) | 100.4 (13.1) | 84.4 (15.1)*** |
| Time 3 WCST Non-Perseverative Error Standard Score | 105.0 (15.3) | 103.0 (10.7) | 92.3 (14.4)*** |
| Time 4 WCST Non-Perseverative Error Standard Score | 99.5 (9.3) | 99.4 (13.3) | 89.1 (9.9)*** |
| Time 1 Tower of London Total Moves | 116.5 (22.6) | 105.4 (23.6) | 138.5 (35.1)*** |
| Time 2 Tower of London Total Moves | 97.8 (15.0) | 92.0 (9.2) | 124.0 (32.1)*** |
| Time 3 Tower of London Total Moves | 94.5 (7.6) | 84.6 (7.5) | 115.5 (24.1)*** |
| Time 4 Tower of London Total Moves | 92.8 (10.5) | 86.3 (8.3) | 105.1 (18.7)*** |
| Time 1 Visual Span Forward z score | −0.2 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.6) | −0.9 (0.8)*** |
| Time 2 Visual Span Forward z score | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.2) | −1.0 (1.0)*** |
| Time 3 Visual Span Forward z score | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.3) | −0.7 (1.2)*** |
| Time 4 Visual Span Forward z score | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.0) | −0.9 (1.1)*** |
| Time 1 Visual Span Backward z score | −0.6 (1.2) | 0.0 (1.1) | −1.3 (1.2)*** |
| Time 2 Visual Span Backward z score | −0.2 (1.2) | 0.1 (0.8) | −1.4 (1.2)*** |
| Time 3 Visual Span Backward z score | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.8) | −1.2 (1.3)*** |
| Time 4 Visual Span Backward z score | 0.0 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.9) | −1.2 (1.0)*** |
Note: 22q11DS, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; CVLT-C, California Verbal Learning Test – Children’s version; GDS, Gordon Diagnostic System; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WIAT-II, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – second edition. Fifteen additional participants were enrolled at Time 2 to account for attrition.
***P < .001.