Figure 4.

Dysglycemia correlates with microbiota encroachment in human with diabetes. Colonic biopsies were collected during colonoscopy procedure and placed in methanol-Carnoy fixative solution, followed by confocal microscopy analysis of microbiota localization. Distances of the closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells was measured in 5 high-powered fields per sample and plotted versus hemoglobin A_1C level (A, B), fasting blood glucose concentration (C, D), or body mass index (E, F). Linear regression line was plotted and R² and P values were determined. n = 42; red dots represent subjects with diabetes (A, C, and E) or obese subjects (B, D, and F). HbA1C, hemoglobin A_1C; IEC, intestinal epithelial cells.