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. 2017 Apr 13;4(2):205–221. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.04.001

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© 2017 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Ethnicity or antibiotic use do not correlate with microbiota encroachment in human. Colonic biopsies were collected during colonoscopy procedure and placed in methanol-Carnoy fixative solution, followed by confocal microscopy analysis of microbiota localization. (A) Distances of the closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells per condition over 5 high-powered fields according to the ethnicity. (B) Distances of the closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells per condition over 5 high-powered fields according to the antibiotic use status. IEC, intestinal epithelial cells.