Figure 6.

Antidiabetic drug use does not impact microbiota encroachment in human. Colonic biopsies were collected during colonoscopy procedure and placed in methanol-Carnoy fixative solution, followed by confocal microscopy analysis of microbiota localization. (A) Distances of the closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells was measured in 5 high-powered fields per sample and plotted versus hemoglobin A_1C level. Linear regression line was plotted and R² and P values were determined. (B) Patients using metformin drug were removed from the analysis. (C) Patients using insulin drug were removed from the analysis. (D) Patients using glipizide drug were removed from the analysis. Linear regression line was plotted and R² and P values were determined. n = 42; red dots represent subjects with diabetes. HbA1C, hemoglobin A_1C; IEC, intestinal epithelial cells.