Table 1.
Clinical Metadata of Human Patients Used in the Study
| Patient # | Age | Sex | Race | Weight (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) | Blood glucose concentration (mg/dL) | HbA1C (%) | DM | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | LDL (mg/dL) | Average distance of closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells (μm) | PMH | Medication | Antibiotic | Bowel habits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68.5 | M | White | 96.6 | 180.3 | 30.00 | 104 | ND | No | 56 | 123 | 60 | 19.00 | Asthma, HLD, HTN | Diazepam, escitalopram, HCTZ/triamterene, losartan, prazosin, ASA | None | ND |
| 2 | 66.5 | M | White | 86.2 | 182.9 | 25.80 | 98 | 5.9 | No | 167 | 90 | 88 | 25.67 | RA, SICCA, HTN | Amlodipine, ASA, atorvastatin, folic acid, gabapentin, methotrexate, prednisone, ranitidine | Topical clindamycin and metronidazole | ND |
| 3 | 53.5 | M | Black | 68.0 | 182.9 | 20.39 | 75 | 5.7 | No | 205 | 62 | 80 | 30.50 | COPD | Albuterol, tiotropium, mometasone | None | ND |
| 4 | 65.5 | M | White | 87.4 | 175.3 | 28.50 | 97 | 6.0 | No | 199 | 167 | 122 | 18.60 | CAD, HLD, HTN, kidney stone, ischemic colitis | Lisinopril, metoprolol, pravastatin, | None | ND |
| 5 | 62.5 | M | Black | 105.2 | 175.3 | 34.33 | 148 | 7.7 | Yes | 167 | 129 | 92 | 10.80 | DM, hepatitis C, HTN, prostate cancer, cerebral thrombosis with infarction, OSA | Amlodipine, atorvastatin, gabapentin, glipizide, HCTZ, lisinopril, metformin, oxybutynin | None | Fecal incontinence |
| 6 | 63.5 | M | Black | 85.3 | 185.4 | 24.60 | 106 | 6.8 | Yes | 131 | 82 | 74 | 23.33 | DM, HTN, HLD | ASA, atenolol, diltiazem, losartan, metformin, pravastatin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 7 | 71.5 | M | White | 78.9 | 177.8 | 25.00 | 97 | 4.8 | No | 201 | 27 | 75 | 16.43 | CAD, HTN, Raynaud | Lisinopril, pravastatin | None | ND |
| 8 | 59.5 | M | Hispanic | 92.5 | 170.2 | 32.02 | 191 | 7.0 | Yes | 181 | 254 | 87 | 8.25 | DM, HTN, hepatitis C, asthma | Acarbose, albuterol, atorvastatin, gabapentin, glipizide, insulin, losartan, omeprazole, salsalate | Topical metronidazole | GI ROS neg |
| 9 | 50.5 | M | Black | 85.3 | 180.3 | 26.28 | 95 | 6.1 | No | 155 | 187 | 80 | 27.33 | Polysubstance abuse, BPH | Atorvastatin, tamsulosin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 10 | 61.5 | M | Black | 117.0 | 182.9 | 35.06 | 89 | 5.8 | No | 213 | 103 | 148 | 25.00 | HTN, DJD, HLD | Amlodipine, HCTZ, omeprazole, pravastatin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 11 | 47.5 | M | Black | 156.5 | 182.9 | 46.89 | 113 | 7.0 | Yes | 139 | 93 | 83 | 7.44 | OSA, DM, HTN, alcoholic fatty liver, HLD | Diclofenac, insulin, lisinopril, metformin | None | Constipation |
| 12 | 61.5 | M | White | 95.3 | 188.0 | 27.02 | 174 | 9.1 | Yes | 137 | 163 | 64 | 6.75 | DM, COPD, GERD, CAD, lung CA | Atenolol, gabapentin, hydralazine, HCTZ, insulin, lovastatin, metformin, omeprazole, tamsulosin | None | ND |
| 13 | 57.5 | M | White | 93.4 | 182.9 | 28.00 | 97 | 6.1 | No | 234 | 197 | 166 | 29.20 | Bronchitis | Prednisone | Moxifloxacin | GI ROS neg |
| 14 | 51.0 | M | Black | 93.9 | 170.2 | 32.49 | 95 | 6.0 | No | 180 | 65 | 118 | 28.00 | HTN, CVA | Docusate, HCTZ, potassium, terazosin, ASA, hydralazine, metoprolol, rosuvastatin | None | ND |
| 15 | 65.0 | M | Black | 119.3 | 172.7 | 40.07 | 80 | 6.0 | No | 213 | 307 | 106 | 19.25 | BPH, gout, HTN, HLD | Lisinopril, nifedipine | None | Hematochezia |
| 16 | 52.0 | M | Black | 137.4 | 188.0 | 38.98 | 189 | 10.0 | Yes | 169 | 346 | 69 | 4.75 | DM, OSA, HTN, GERD, gout, HLD | Allopurinol, ASA, atenolol, colchicine, gemfibrozil, HCTZ, Vicodin, insulin, synthroid, losartan, omeprazole, verapamil | Azithromycin | ND |
| 17 | 31.0 | M | Black | 68.5 | 180.3 | 21.10 | 114 | 5.3 | No | 195 | 164 | 121 | 21.67 | Heart transplant, CKD, anemia, GERD, hypothyroid, CHF | Diltiazem, magnesium, cellcept, pantoprazole, pravastatin, ranitidine, tacrolimus, valganciclovir | None | GI ROS neg |
| 18 | 51.0 | M | White | 78.5 | 177.8 | 24.87 | 106 | 5.9 | No | 202 | 121 | 141 | 26.50 | HLD, HTN, hypothyroid | HCTZ, lisinopril, synthroid, naproxen, omeprazole | None | ND |
| 19 | 56.0 | M | Black | 89.4 | 190.5 | 24.67 | 109 | 5.8 | No | 222 | 81 | 161 | 27.25 | Polysubstance abuse | Amoxicillin, Vicodin, Zofran | Amoxicillin | Diarrhea |
| 20 | 60.0 | M | Black | 123.4 | 180.3 | 38.20 | 70 | 8.2 | Yes | 150 | 66 | 92 | 18.50 | HTN, DM | Chlorthalidone, glipizide, lisinopril, metformin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 21 | 57.0 | M | White | 117.9 | 170.2 | 40.81 | 108 | 6.6 | Yes | 155 | 166 | 76 | 13.86 | Fatty liver, DM, HTN, HLD | Atenolol, chlorthalidone, atorvastatin, lisinopril, metformin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 22 | 54.0 | M | Hispanic | 104.3 | 182.9 | 31.26 | 314 | 7.4 | Yes | 196 | 155 | 128 | 5.17 | DM, HTN | B12, diclofenac, glipizide, insulin, losartan, metformin, pravastatin | None | ND |
| 23 | 60.0 | M | Black | 116.1 | 182.9 | 34.79 | 135 | 6.4 | Yes | 127 | 60 | 81 | 15.00 | DM, HTN | Hydrocodone, atorvastatin, lisinopril, metformin, aspirin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 24 | 72.0 | M | White | 102.1 | 182.9 | 30.58 | 102 | ND | No | 147 | 168 | 59 | 32.57 | HTN, hepatitis B | Lisinopril, metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 25 | 72.0 | M | Black | 93.0 | 182.9 | 27.96 | 107 | 6.2 | No | 161 | 115 | 97 | 33.00 | HTN | Omeprazole, hydrocholthiazide | None | GI ROS neg |
| 26 | 57.0 | M | White | 78.5 | 174.0 | 25.60 | 101 | 5.8 | No | 184 | 75 | 115 | 28.00 | HTN, seizures | Propranolol, pantoprazole, trazodone | None | GI ROS neg |
| 27 | 70.0 | M | Black | 104.8 | 188.0 | 29.72 | 119 | 5.1 | No | 155 | 65 | 86 | 31.60 | CKD, gout, hyperlipidemia, HTN, hypothyroidism | Ibuprofen, lubiprostone, amlodipine, allopurinol, atorvastatin, levothyroxine, losartan, colchicine | None | Constipation |
| 28 | 46.0 | M | White | 110.7 | 190.5 | 30.56 | 95 | 5.7 | No | 188 | 48 | 114 | 37.50 | GERD, HTN | Tramadol, ibuprofen, omeprazole, hydrochlorothiazide | None | ND |
| 29 | 55.0 | M | White | 118.9 | 190.5 | 33.47 | 108 | 7.5 | Yes | 415 | 351 | 277 | 13.00 | DM, HTN, CKD, hyperlipidemia, psoriasis | Amlodipine, glipizide, hydrochlorothiazide, pravastatin | None | GI ROS neg |
| 30 | 36.0 | M | Black | 79.4 | 188.0 | 21.92 | 88 | ND | No | ND | ND | ND | 28.75 | None | Codeine, ibuprofen, cholecalciferol | None | Diarrhea/some blood in stool |
| 31 | 63.0 | M | Black | 99.2 | 188.0 | 28.13 | 98 | ND | No | 172 | 49 | 95 | 36.00 | Deep vein thrombosis, hepatitis C | Multivitamin, thiamine | None | GI ROS neg |
| 32 | 74.0 | M | White | 105.2 | 182.9 | 32.43 | 232 | 9.3 | Yes | 186 | 239 | 104 | 4.33 | CAD, DM, CKD, HTN, GERD | Calcitriol, docusate, cyanocobalamin, aspirin, metoprolol, carbidopa, amlodipine, furosemide, insulin, divalproex | None | GI ROS neg |
| 33 | 70.0 | M | White | 90.7 | 177.8 | 28.76 | 106 | 6 | No | 215 | 179 | 140 | 25.20 | DJD, CAD, hyperlipidemia | None | None | None |
| 34 | 54.0 | M | Black | 108.4 | 182.9 | 32.48 | 113 | 5.8 | No | 200 | 276 | 105 | 32.25 | Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gout | Losartan, allopurinol, omeprazole, trazadone, niacin, carvedilol | None | None |
| 35 | 60.0 | F | Black | 90.3 | 172.7 | 30.32 | 90 | 5.7 | No | 189 | 89 | 106 | 40.00 | Goiter, osteoarthritis, migraine headaches, chronic back pain | Cholecalciferol, psyllium, naproxen | None | Constipation |
| 36 | 70.0 | M | Black | 99.8 | 172.7 | 33.52 | 272 | 7.7 | Yes | 223 | 73 | 165 | 5.00 | HTN, hyperlipidemia, GERD, schizophrenia, BPH | Insulin, potassium, tamsulosin, finasteride, atorvastatin, carvedilol, metformin | None | None |
| 37 | 59.0 | M | Black | 92.1 | 177.8 | 29.19 | 99 | ND | No | 171 | 93 | 112 | 31.67 | HTN, spinal stenosis, hyperlipidemia | Methocarbamol, naproxen, hydrochlorothiazide, gabapentin, loratidine | None | None |
| 38 | 32.0 | M | Black | 81.6 | 180.3 | 25.16 | 94 | 5.3 | No | 187 | 286 | 94 | 34.33 | Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression | Omeprazole, bupropion, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, hydroxyzine, melatonin, prazosin | None | None |
| 39 | 59.0 | M | White | 83.9 | 172.7 | 28.19 | 77 | 5.8 | No | 157 | 116 | 95 | 50.00 | Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, chronic hepatitis C, GERD | Hydrocodone, gabapentin, tamsulosin, ibuprofen, prazosin, ledipasvir/sofobuvir, paroxetine, psyllium, creon, methocarbamol, verapamil | None | Diarrhea |
| 40 | 49.0 | M | Black | 91.2 | 175.3 | 29.74 | 96 | 5.4 | No | 257 | 179 | 175 | 32.67 | BPH, migraines, HTN, asthma, hyperlipidemia, GERD | Mirtazapine, quetiapine, atorvastatin, tamsulosin, topiramate, cyanocobalamin | None | None |
| 41 | 55.0 | M | Black | 99.8 | 167.6 | 35.58 | 95 | 5.9 | No | 224 | 68 | 158 | 35.50 | HTN, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, depression | Losartan, amlodipine, atorvastatin | None | None |
| 42 | 60.0 | M | White | 97.1 | 185.4 | 28.39 | 133 | 6.8 | Yes | 256 | 976 | 71 | 7.67 | DM, HTN, GERD, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression | Allopurinol, trazadone, citalopram, amlodipine, atenolol, indomethacin, lisinopril, lovastatin, omeprazole, sildenafil | None | Diarrhea |
ASA, aspirin; BPH, benign prostate hyperplasia; CA, cancer; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DJD, degenerative joint disease; DM, diabetic mellitus; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI ROS, gastrointestinal review of systems; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HCTZ, hydrochlorothiazide; HLD, hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ND, not determined; OSA, osteoarthritis; PMH, past medical history; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.