Fig 3. Estimating residual modulation.

a: Example workflow for estimating residual modulation in coordinate frames irrelevant for neural output that result from biases in head direction. Residual modulation was defined as: (MD_Irrelevant / MD_Relevant). Estimations performed separately using simulated units for each behavioral session. b: Residual modulation was inversely correlated with the standard deviation of head directions (σ). Red, filled lines indicate regression fit and confidence intervals. Dashed lines indicate the data point for the single session in (a). Data available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4955291.v1.