Table 1. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical profiles of thirteen-year old Malaysian adolescents in comparing boys and girls.
| Characteristics | All participants | Boys | Girls | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean±SD | n (%) or mean±SD | n (%) or mean±SD | ||||
| N | 941 | 261 (28%) | 680 (72%) | |||
| Ethnicity | 941 | 261 | 680 | 0.003 | ||
| Malay | 702 (75%) | 210 (80%) | 492 (72%) | 0.003 | ||
| Chinese | 121 (13%) | 19 (7%) | 102 (15%) | |||
| Indian | 94 (10%) | 29 (11%) | 65 (10%) | |||
| Others | 24 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 21 (3%) | |||
| Pubertal status | 928 | 258 | 670 | 0.03 | ||
| Pubertal | 835 (90%) | 188 (73%) | 647 (97%) | |||
| Prepubertal | 93 (10%) | 70 (27%) | 23 (3%) | |||
| Maternal education | 626 | 258 | 670 | 0.32 | ||
| Primary | 58 (9%) | 17 (11%) | 41 (9%) | |||
| Secondary | 415 (66%) | 109 (69%) | 306 (65%) | |||
| Tertiary | 153 (24%) | 32 (20%) | 121 (26%) | |||
| Weight (kg) | 47.8 ±14.1 | 48.4 ±16.4 | 47.5±13.2 | 0.64 | ||
| Height (cm) | 151.5 ±7.5 | 151.4±9.6 | 151.6±6.5 | 0.82 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ±5.1 | 20.7±5.7 | 20.5±4.9 | 0.46 | ||
| BMI categories | 941 | 261 | 680 | <0.0001 | ||
| Under-or Normal Weight | 629 (67%) | 154 (59%) | 475 (70%) | |||
| Overweight | 104 (11%) | 30 (11%) | 74 (11%) | |||
| Obese | 208 (22%) | 77 (29%) | 131 (19%) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 69.0 ±12.2 | 72.6±14.2 | 67.6±11.0 | <0.0001 | ||
| Hip circumference (cm) | 85.3 ±11.6 | 86.1±12.3 | 85.0±11.4 | 0.713 | ||
| Waist-Hip Ratio | 0.81 ±0.25 | 0.84±0.01 | 0.80±0.01 | <0.0001 | ||
| Body fat percentage (BF%) | 29.6 ±10.7 | 26.7±12.7 | 30.7±9.6 | <0.0001 | ||
| Vitamin D levels (ng/mL) (n = 678) | 16.9±7.1 | 22.1±6.7 | 15.1±6.3 | <0.0001 | ||
| Vitamin D categories (n = 678) | 678 | 174 | 504 | <0.0001 | ||
| Sufficient | 207 (30%) | 102 (58%) | 105 (21%) | |||
| Insufficient | 166 (25%) | 51 (29%) | 115 (23%) | |||
| Deficient | 305 (45%) | 21(12%) | 284 (56 | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 ±0.4 | 4.7±0.4 | 4.6±0.4 | 0.116 | ||
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) (n = 795) | 14.7 ±12.4 | 13.8±13.8 | 15.1±11.9 | <0.0001 | ||
| HOMA-IR (n = 795) | 3.1 ±2.7 | 2.9±2.7 | 3.1±2.7 | 0.002 | ||
| Insulin resistance (n = 795) | 795 | 215 | 580 | |||
| Normal | 628 (79%) | 171 (80%) | 457 (79%) | 0.43 | ||
| Insulin resistant | 167 (21%) | 44 (20%) | 123 (21%) | |||