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. 2017 Jun 15;7:3616. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03937-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Saponin biosynthetic pathways in ZMD. The number in the grey shaded area is the number of genes encoding the enzyme. Abbreviations: AACT, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; HMGS, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; HMGR, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MVK, mevalonate kinase; PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase; MVD, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase; IDI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GPS, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase; FPS, farnesyl diphosphate synthase; SQS, squalene synthase; SE, squalene monooxygenase/epoxidase; CAS, cycloartenol synthase; CMT, cycloartenol-C-24-methyltransferase; CMO, methylsterol monooxygenase; CEI, cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase; SDM, sterol 14-demethylase; STR1, delta-(14)-sterol reductase; CSSI, cholesterol Delta-isomerase; SMO2, methylsterol oxidase; STD, delta-7-sterol-5-desaturase; HSR, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase; STR2, delta (24)-sterol reductase; STGT, sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase; bAs, beta-amyrin synthase; DS, dammarenediol synthase; GT, glucosyltransferase.