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. 2017 Jun 15;7:3616. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03937-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Verification of gene expression changes in different growth stage with real-time quantitative PCR. (A) Six representative genes are selected from flavonoids pathway; (B) Seven representative genes are selected from saponins pathway; (C) Four representative genes are selected from polysaccharides pathway. Data reported represent the average and standard error of the mean of five independent experiments. Abbreviations: Y1, one-year-old ZMD; Y2, two-year-old ZMD; Y3, three-year-old ZMD.