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. 2017 Jun 16;8:1111. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01111

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Copyright © 2017 Shen, Liu, Yu and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of nisin and monensin addition on the population of total bacteria, methanogens, protozoa and fungi (log₁₀ copy number of the target genes/mL) in the in vitro rumen mixed cultures. Values are means ± SE (n = 4). NC = negative control (no additives); MON = monensin, 5 μM; NI1 = nisin, 1 μM; NI5 = nisin, 5 μM. Bars with different letters (a, b, c) represent different means (P < 0.05).