. 2017 Jun 16;8:1111. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01111

Table 1.

Effects of nisin and monensin addition on gas and methane production, dry matter (DM) digestibility, and ammonia concentration in the in vitro rumen mixed cultures at 24 h.

Item	NC	MON	NI1	NI5	SEM	P-value
Total gas (mL)	181.9^a	131.0^d	162.2^b	148.4^c	1.48	<0.01
Methane (mL)	23.5^a	14.5^b	14.4^b	10.6^c	0.46	<0.01
DM digestibility (%)	58.4^a	53.1^b	59.1^a	57.4^a	0.53	<0.01
NH₃-N (mM)	10.5^c	10.7^bc	11.2^b	12.2^a	0.19	<0.01
pH value	6.54^b	6.60^a	6.58^a	6.59^a	0.008	<0.01
Total VFA (mM)	80.3^a	66.5^c	69.3^b	67.3^bc	0.73	<0.01
Acetate (mM)	57.3^a	43.2^b	42.1^b	36.6^c	0.96	<0.01
Propionate (mM)	16.4^d	20.9^c	22.2^b	26.2^a	0.35	<0.01
Acetate/Propionate	3.50^a	2.07^b	1.90^b	1.40^c	0.086	<0.01
Butyrate (mM)	5.67^a	2.05^d	4.06^b	3.51^c	0.131	<0.01
Valerate (mM)	0.27^a	0.08^c	0.15^b	0.14^b	0.001	<0.01
Isobutyrate (mM)	0.29^a	0.15^b	0.31^a	0.28^a	0.011	<0.01
Isovalerate (mM)	0.34^c	0.16^d	0.41^b	0.52^a	0.016	<0.01
Total BCVFA (mM)	0.62^c	0.30^d	0.72^b	0.81^a	0.017	<0.01

NC = negative control (no additives); MON = monensin, 5 μM; NI1 = nisin, 1 μM; NI5 = nisin, 5 μM.

^a-dMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).