Figure 1. Pilot study showing effect of ketamine timing on cortisol.

Study was conducted on fasting baboons (P. hamadryas) between 08.00 and 09.00 am to evaluate acute effect within 10 minutes (m) of injection of ketamine (10mg/kg IM) on serum cortisol. Baseline (BL) cortisol in venous samples removed when baboons are fully conscious and free moving on a tether system without administration of any agents in the last 24 h. Ketamine administered and samples taken at 5 and 10 min after ketamine (n = 12; 6 male and 6 female; Mean + SEM).