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. 2017 Jun 8;8:15782. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15782

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) An image of a mouse model with both CuS NSs and PNIPAM-CuS injected in the region marked by the circles. (b) Overlay of ultrasound and photoacoustic images show scattered air bubbles on the skin as a strong background noise before nanoparticle injection. (c) After nanoparticle injection, when the CW laser is off, the region with PNIPAM-CuS is clearly visualized, but the region with CuS NSs is relatively weak, and difficult to be distinguished from the bubble region. (d) When the CW laser is on, the photoacoustic intensity at the PNIPAM-CuS region is dramatically enhanced. (e) Multi-cycles of CW laser on and off shows the photoacoustic signals follow the CW laser on/off cycle dynamically. (f) Photoacoustic intensity recorded during a full cycle of CW laser on and off. (g) Dynamic contrast-enhanced photoacoustic image obtained by subtracting the photoacoustic intensity under CW laser-off from CW laser-on, removing the strong background noises from the tissues, CuS NPs and bubbles and unambiguously reveals the region with only the PNIPAM-CuS. The image volume in (b–d,g) is 23 × 20 × 25.8 mm³.