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. 2017 Jun 12;8:15823. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15823

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) PVA porous membrane coated onto a cylindrical glass tube (left) and filter paper (right) using a double-faced adhesive tape. The water droplet (dyed with methylene blue) beads up on the coating part while readily wets the naked glass (left) and permeates through the filter paper (right), respectively. (b) Twisted PVA porous membrane. (c) Unidirectional stretching of the PVA porous membrane. (d) Microscopic deformation of the cavity structure under increasing stretching strain. Here, ɛ_x and ɛ_y stand for the stretching (x direction) and compression (y direction) strain, respectively. (e) Experimental validation of the relationship (1+ɛ_x)(1+ɛ_y)=1 for ɛ_x<0.3. (f) Anisotropic apparent contact angles in the stretching and compression directions. Data is the average of five measurements. Scale bars are 10 mm in a–c and 100 μm in d.