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. 2017 Jun 9;8:15834. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15834

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Top, averaged traces of field potentials (FPs) evoked in vivo at multiple sites from L1 to L6 of M1, recorded via 20 recording contacts in a linear microprobe (Rec.). The stimulating electrode (Stim.) was placed at L5, which could activate synaptic inputs to the basal dendrites. Arrows indicated typical FPs recorded at target deep layer 5. Bottom, current source density profiles corresponding to the laminar FPs evoked by stimulating at L5. By activating inputs targeting basal dendrites, the early, negative FP recorded in L5 was generated by direct inward current (that is, the sink, yellow/red). This feature was highly consistent among different animal subjects. (b) Top, FPs were recorded from rats undergoing 7 days of forelimb reaching task, followed by 3 days of rotarod running task. Bottom, potentiation of stimulation evoked-FPs slope when activating basal dendritic inputs in L5. Representative traces of the FPs on days 1 and 7 (pre- and post-training) are shown. All bars represent the mean±s.e.m (five rats). (c) Learning-associated shortening in delay of first reach attempt in sham-operated (black, five rats) and 6-OHDA lesioned animals (blue, five rats). Sham group: mean±s.d. of delay on day 1: 4.416±0.783 s, day 3: 3.362±0.588 s, P=0.038; day 7: 1.118±0.216 s, P=0.006, all compared to day 1, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, 5 rats; Lesioned group: mean±s.d. of delay on day 1: 3.663±0.676 s, day 4: 2.631±0.849 s, P=0.065; day 5: 2.376±0.778 s, P=0.048; day 7: 1.587±0.463 s, P=0.019, all compared to day 1, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, 5 rats. (d) Comparison of motor skill performance between sham-operated (black, five rats) and 6-OHDA lesioned (blue, five rats) animals. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. In contrast to the sham group, the first reach success rate achieved after each day's training by the lesioned animals was not well maintained in the next day. (e) Comparing to sham-operated group (black, five rats), with local dopamine depletion restricted to M1 (blue, five rats), learning-induced potentiation of FPs could not be maintained. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.