FIG 5.

Bacterial physiology profiling of phospholipid-altered E. coli strains. WT and phospholipid-altered strains were grown to mid-exponential phase in M9 minimal medium containing 2% glucose, SC amino acids, and all the necessary supplements. (A) Glucose oxidation rate (¹⁴CO₂ release). (B) Cellular dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay). (C) Membrane potential (DiSC₃5 probe). (D) ATP levels (luciferase-based assay). (E) Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements (CM-H₂DCFDA probe). Mean values ± SEM are shown; n = 3 to 4 per group. **, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.01; NS, not significant. ANOVA and Student's t test were used. (B, C, E) Gray bars indicate baseline readings obtained by measurements done in the presence of an inhibitor of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (piericidin A, 10 μM) or the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP, 20 μM) or in the absence of dye, respectively.