Table 5. Nonsurgical multimodality treatments in patients with HCC and PVTT.

Study	Country/region	Enrollment period	Sample size	Classification of PVTT	Multimodality treatment	Outcomes
Giorgio 2016	Italy	2011–2014	49	Vp4	RFA plus sorafenib	1- and 3-year OS were 60% and 26%
Kang 2014	China	2004–2008	34	Vp3 or 4	Stereotactic body radiotherapy plus TACE	Response rate was 88%
Long 2016	China	2010–2014	60	Vp1, 2 or 3	Microwave ablation plus TACE	1- and 3-year OS were 48% and 23%
Nagai 2015	Japan	2002–2009	18	Vp3 or 4	Sorafenib plus TAC	1- and 3-year OS were 36% and 18%

Abbreviations: PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; TAC, transarterial chemotherapy; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.