Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| Variable | Total | Without LEAD | With LEAD |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (men/women) | 401 (203/198) | 200 (101/99) | 201 (102/99) |
| Age (years) | 58 (48–64) | 50 (41–58) | 62 (59–68)** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.59 ± 3.14 | 25.79 ± 3.27 | 25.38 ± 3.00 |
| W (cm) | 92.51 ± 9.51 | 91.61 ± 9.43 | 93.41 ± 9.52 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130 (120–140) | 125 (118–134) | 130 (120–142)** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (70–85) | 78 (70–82) | 80 (70–85) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.72 (6.45–9.44) | 7.78 (6.44–9.63) | 7.65 (6.45–9.23) |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 13.10 ± 4.23 | 13.05 ± 4.47 | 13.15 ± 4.00 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 1.8 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 72 ± 21 | 72 ± 22 | 72 ± 20 |
| FCP (ng/mL) | 1.84 ± 0.87 | 1.81 ± 0.84 | 1.87 ± 0.89 |
| 2hCP (ng/mL) | 4.13 (2.53–6.48) | 4.13 (2.39–6.53) | 4.09 (2.55–6.40) |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.57 ± 0.75 | 1.56 ± 0.76 | 1.59 ± 0.75 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 1.01 | 4.83 ± 0.86 | 4.66 ± 1.14 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.47 (1.02–2.24) | 1.54 (1.02–2.39) | 1.36 (1.01–2.12) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.05 (0.90–1.20) | 1.06 (0.90–1.22) | 1.05 (0.90–1.18) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.86 ± 0.81 | 2.92 ± 0.72 | 2.80 ± 0.90 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.85 (0.40–1.85) | 0.89 (0.42–1.78) | 0.83 (0.37–1.92) |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.01 ± 20.37 | 105.43 ± 20.91 | 92.63 ± 17.69** |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.10 | 2.35 ± 0.10 | 2.34 ± 0.10 |
| P (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.17 | 1.29 ± 0.17 | 1.26 ± 0.16 |
| F-IMT (mm) | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.85 ± 0.01** |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 103 (25.69) | 45 (22.50) | 58 (28.86) |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 58 (14.46) | 27 (13.50) | 31 (15.42) |
| Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%) | 173 (43.14) | 72 (36.00) | 101 (50.25)** |
| Lipid-lowing therapy, n (%) | 66 (16.46) | 33 (16.50) | 33 (16.42) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8.00 (4.00–12.00) | 6.00 (3.00–10.00) | 10.00 (6.00–15.00)** |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%)
BMI body mass index, W waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 2hPG 2-hour plasma glucose, HbA 1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, FCP fasting C-peptide, 2hCP 2-hour C-peptide, HOMA2-IR homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, GFR glomerular filtration rate, Ca calcium, P phosphorus, F-IMT femoral intima-media thickness
** P < 0.01 versus without LEAD