Table 4.
Summary of tests performed
| CPpre; post | CP pre → post | TDpre;post | TD pre → post | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climbing performance | ||||
| Route fractiona | 0.6(0.23)- > 0.89(0.25)(N = 11) | Z = 4.77, p = 3.7.10−6*** | 0.74(0.19)- > 0.94(0.13)(N = 4) | Z = 1.81p = 0.127 |
| Speeda (m/min) | 2.2(0.9)- > 2.9(1.0)(N = 11) | Z = 1.43, p = 0.28 | 3.9(1.3)- > 5.6(2.0)(N = 4) | Z = 2.86, p = 0.0084** |
| Errorsa (#) (Hands / Feet) | 2.6(0–9)/4.6(0–8)- > 7.4(0–14)/8.5(0–22)(N = 11) | Z = 3.299, p = 0.0019** / Z = 2.20, p = 0.054o | 0.25(0–4/0.5(0–3)- > 0.0(0)/0.0(0)(N = 4) | Z = −0.043, p = 0.999 / Z = −0.09, p = 0.995 |
| Functional tests | ||||
| Sit-to-stand (#) | 20.2(4.6)- > 23.5(5.8)(N = 11) | Z = 3.072, p = 0.0083** | 29.0(4.5)- > 30.7(4.5)(N = 6) | Z = 1.044, p = 0.723 |
| Romberg (open / closed) | 613(550)- > 504(445)(N = 11) | Z = −1.35, p = 0.509 / z = −0.467, p = 0.979 | 408(119)- > 754(553)(N = 6) | Z = 0.295, p = 0.996 / Z = 1.917, p = 0.191 |
| Physiological tests | ||||
| Hand strength (least / most) | 158(58)/114(55)-> 167(51)/128(60)(N = 11) |
Z = 1.067, p = 0.708 / Z = 1.715, p = 0.283 | 216(82)/195(68)-> 227(69)/201(58)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.745, p = 0.895 / Z = 0.208, p = 0.999 |
| Pinch strength (least / most) | 34.8(6.3)/29.4(8.7)-> 37.5(7.0)/32.2(8.3)(N = 11) |
Z = 1.165, p = 0.639 / Z = 1.009, p = 0.746 | 43.1(12.0)/40.9(12.2)-> 47.3(14.9)/43.1(14.7)(N = 6) |
Z = 1.263, p = 0.569 / Z = 0.441, p = 0.983 |
| RFD 0–30 ms (least / most) | 59.2(58.6)/50.6(64.4)-> 79.6(68.6)/54.5(68.6)(N = 11) |
Z = 1.797 p = 0.242 / Z = 0.714,p = 0.908 | 69.3(49.0)/41.6(13.3)-> 72.6(29.6)/54.2(25.4)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.003, p = 1.0 / Z = 1.493, p = 0.412 |
| RFD 0–50 ms (least / most) | 79.0(63.7)/80.0(79.4)-> 109.1(76.6)/90.6(84.8)(N = 11) |
Z = 2.317, p = 0.0752o / Z = 1.045, p = 0.723 | 99.7(66.4)/72.1(28.0)-> 113.6(45.6)/79.6(29.3)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.584, p = 0.953 / Z = 0.269, p = 0.997 |
| RFD 0–100 ms (least / most) | 110.9(53.1)/109.5(78.5)-> 154.4(56.5)/123.3(76.8)(N = 11) |
Z = 2.939, p = 0.0174* / Z = 0.872, p = 0.830 | 147.5(87.6)/132.3(57.9)-> 171.6(70.9)/133.4(47.5)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.989, p = 0.759 / Z = −0.208, p = 0.999 |
| RFD 0–200 ms (least / most) | 105.6(36.4)/91.9(45.4)-> 133.9(18.7)-101.4(40.5)(N = 11) |
Z = 2.309, p = 0.0768o / Z = 0.733, p = 0.900 | 133.2(53.9)/123.4(54.6)-> 145.4(60.3)/135.6(49.1)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.595, p = 0.9498 / Z = 0.527, p = 0.967 |
| Coherence | ||||
| Finger pinch (FDI-APB) | -1.73(0.84)- > −0.89(0.91)(N = 10- > 11) | Z = 2.81, p = 0.0184* | −1.58(0.63)- > −1.49(0.83)(N = 6) | Z = 0.239, p = 0.993 |
| Ankle Dorsiflexion (TA-TA) | -0.96(0.88)- > −0.57(0.98)(N = 11) | Z = 1.951, p = 0.0994o | −1.10(0.45)- > −0.91(0.82)(N = 6) | Z = 0.644, p = 0.7964 |
| Ankle joint | ||||
| Stiffnessb | 4.57(1.86) - > 4.08(1.82)(N = 11) | Z = −1.002, p = 0.533 | 5.05(1.80)- > 5.17(1.18)(N = 5) | Z = 0.379, p = 0.913 |
| ROMb | 62.5(12.0) - > 67.98(7.76) (N = 11) | Z = 2.764, p = 0.0114* | 63.12(6.62)- > 66.16(5.16)(N = 5) | Z = 1.019, p = 0.5214 |
| Strengthc | 25.9(9.5)- > 30.2(12.0)(N = 11) | Z = 1.387, p = 0.304 | 45.9(17.5)- > 40.7(13.8)(N = 6) | Z = −1.476, p = 0.260 |
| Cognitive tests | ||||
| Detectiond | 83.3(10.9)- > 83.1(10.0)(N = 11) | z = −0.048, p = 1.0 | 98.3(8.5)- > 95.7(7.3)(N = 6) | Z = −0.648, p = 0.933 |
| Identificationd | 87.4(8.0)- > 87.5(9.6)(N = 11) | Z = 0.032, p = 1.0 | 94,2(6.3)- > 95.3(6.7)(N = 6) | Z = 0.345, p = 0.993 |
| 1-back (speed/accuracy)d | 959(139)/82.3(9.4)-> 962(214)/82.0(7.9)(N = 11) |
Z = 0.199, p = 0.999 / Z = −0.190, p = 0.999 | 768(163)/91.3(12.7)-> 753(198)/91.7(9.4)(N = 6) |
Z = 0.473, p = 0.978 / Z = −0.039, p = 1.00 |
| Chasee | 1.02(0.23)- > 1.15(0.23)(N = 11) | Z = 2.057, p = 0.140 | 1.54(0.23)- > 1.48(0.22)(N = 6) | Z = −0.646, p = 0.934 |
| Mazed | 99.6(6.5)- > 103.2(6.4)(N = 11) | Z = 1.721, p = 0.279 | 101.3(3.7)- > 105.2(5.1)(N = 6) | Z = 1.453, p = 0.438 |
| PAL | 45.6(51.1)- > 32.0(62.9)(N = 11) | Z = −1.940, p = 0.181 | 15.3(15.8)- > 6.5(3.4)(N = 6) | Z = −1.122, p = 0.670 |
| Psychological | ||||
| Overall | 4.00(2,05)- > 4.63(2.41)(N = 11) | Z = 1.327, p = 0.524 | 5.5(2.42)- > 6.50(2.07)(N = 6) | Z = 1.484, p = 0.418 |
| Physical abilities | 4.64(2.73)- > 4.45(2.73)(N = 11) | Z = −0.342, p = 0.993 | 5.83(2.93)- > 5.83(2.99)(N = 6) | Z = −0.083, p = 1.000 |
| Skills and abilities | 4.54(2.25)- > 4.45(2.38)(N = 11) | Z = −0.216, p = 0.999 | 4.33(2.5)- > 5.67(2.16)(N = 6) | Z = 1.896, p = 0.198 |
| Mental well-being | 4.09(2.21)- > 4.91(2.59)(N = 11) | Z = 1.457, p = 0.436 | 5.83(1.72)- > 6.67(1.96)(N = 6) | Z = 1.024, p = 0.736 |
| Relationship to parents | 3.18(1.89)- > 4.18(2.36)(N = 11) | Z = 1.481, p = 0.420 | 7.33(1.63)- > 6.83(1.72)(N = 6) | Z = −0.516, p = 0.970 |
| Relationship to others | 4.45(2.06)- > 5.27(2.37)(N = 11) | Z = 1.389, p = 0.481 | 7.67(0.82)- > 7.0(1.55)(N = 6) | Z = −0.804, p = 0.867 |
Summary of all tests performed and the effect of the climbing intervention. Z-scores and p-values are obtained from the employed linear mixed models where four tests have been made, Pre1 vs Pre 2 and Pre 2 vs Post both in the CP and TD group. Only statistics from the pre2 vs post session are presented, but p-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where the pre 1vs pre2 comparison is included.
(Least/Most): indicate test of changes in the least or most affected hand. a Data from two time points only at day 3 and day 8 of the climbing intervention days. b Data from Pre1 and Post only due to technical issue with the measurement device at Pre2 test. c Data only from Pre2 and Post. d Tests for the combined score-measurements are shown here. The individual test of speed and accuracy are not presented here. None of them revealed significant differences when comparing the effect of the climbing intervention in any of the two groups. e The chase test revealed a significant improvement in number of clicks per sec. In the TD group between pre1 and pre2. o) p < 0.1, *) p < 0.05, **) p < 0.01, ***) p < 0.001. Correlation analyses was performed between the changes in the Sit-to-stand, ROM, RFD 0-100 ms and Coherence between FDI and APB measurements the improvements in the climbing abilities in the children with CP. However, none of correlations were significant