Table 4.

AORs Associated With Hospice Discharge and Agency Characteristics Predicting Pain Assessment

Variables	First Pain Assessment Conducteda	Valid Pain Tool Used at First Assessmentb	Last Pain Assessment Conducteda	Valid Pain Tool Used at Last Assessmentc
	(n = 3873)	(n = 3364)	(n = 3873)	(n = 3244)
Age (ref.: 65–74), years
75–84	1.00 (0.49–2.05)	0.98 (0.76–1.27)	0.92 (0.62–1.37)	0.94 (0.77–1.15)
85 or older	0.89 (0.44–1.81)	0.66d (0.51–0.86)	1.01 (0.67–1.51)	0.75d (0.60–0.93)
Female (vs. male)	1.09 (0.65–1.84)	0.88 (0.73–1.06)	0.95 (0.72–1.27)	0.94 (0.80–1.10)
Race (ref.: non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	0.26d (0.11–0.65)	0.95 (0.66–1.39)	0.47d (0.27–0.83)	0.85 (0.59–1.23)
Hispanic	1.19 (0.16–8.78)	1.18 (0.60–2.31)	1.94 (0.62–6.15)	1.07 (0.65–1.77)
Other race/ethnicity	0.58 (0.07–4.66)	0.59 (0.31–1.14)	1.14 (0.27–4.90)	0.91 (0.50–1.65)
Place of hospice care (ref.: agency facility)
Private home	1.87 (0.85–4.12)	1.55d (1.14–2.11)	0.87 (0.49–1.56)	1.33e (1.00–1.75)
Nursing home/skilled nursing facility	2.21 (0.85–5.75)	1.15 (0.83–1.59)	0.78 (0.43–1.44)	1.15 (0.85–1.56)
Hospital	0.81 (0.34–1.95)	1.11 (0.71–1.76)	0.43d (0.24–0.77)	1.25 (0.80–1.95)
Cancer as primary diagnosis at admission	1.08 (0.61–1.90)	1.62d (1.29–2.02)	1.02 (0.75–1.40)	0.97 (0.82–1.16)
Cognitive status (ref.: no impairment)
Mild impairment		0.93 (0.70–1.23)		0.89 (0.72–1.10)
Serious impairment		0.31d (0.24–0.41)		0.51d (0.40–0.64)
Deceased	1.14 (0.48–2.70)	0.58d (0.44–0.76)	0.91 (0.48–1.71)	0.33d (0.26–0.43)
Lengths of stay (ref.: 0–7 days)
8–21 days	1.29 (0.64–2.61)	1.44d (1.12–1.84)	4.19d (2.62–6.68)	0.94 (0.76–1.16)
22–84 days	1.29 (0.60–2.77)	1.69d (1.31–2.19)	4.56d (2.74–7.57)	1.11 (0.90–1.37)
85+ days	1.44 (0.61–3.39)	1.56d (1.23–1.97)	4.17d (2.34–7.44)	1.06 (0.85–1.31)
Having a living will	1.39 (0.76–2.55)	1.09 (0.88–1.34)	1.01 (0.73–1.39)	0.96 (0.79–1.16)
Having a DNR directive	1.91 (0.93–3.92)	1.04 (0.77–1.40)	1.17 (0.76–1.80)	0.99 (0.76–1.28)
Agency ownership (ref.: not-for-profit agencies/government agencies)
For profit	1.59 (0.44–5.74)	1.29 (0.87–1.91)	1.76 (0.74–4.16)	1.49e (1.01–2.19)
Agency is part of chain	2.26 (0.77–6.69)	1.20 (0.80–1.82)	1.23 (0.65–2.33)	1.08 (0.73–1.60)
Agency location (ref.: metropolitan)
Micropolitan	0.69 (0.30–1.60)	1.36 (0.99–1.87)	0.69 (0.43–1.09)	1.35 (0.98–1.84)
Rural/nonurban	0.54 (0.23–1.25)	1.13 (0.81–1.59)	0.81 (0.51–1.30)	0.97 (0.69–1.35)

AORs = adjusted odds ratios; ref. = reference; DNR do not resuscitate.

^aSample restriction: Hospice discharges of patients 65 years or older.

^bSample restriction: Hospice discharges of patients 65 years or older with first assessment of pain conducted.

^cSample restriction: Hospice discharges of patients 65 years or older with last assessment of pain conducted.

^dP < 0.01.

^eP < 0.05.