Table 6.

AORs Associated With Hospice Discharge and Agency Characteristics Predicting Pain Control Outcome

Variables	No Reported Pain at Last Assessmenta	Pain Improvement/Maintenance of Effective Pain Controlb
	(n = 3019)	(n = 1517)
Age (ref.: 65–74)
75–84	0.91 (0.73–1.13)	0.89 (0.67–1.19)
85 or older	0.91 (0.71–1.15)	0.83 (0.59–1.15)
Female (vs. male)	1.17 (0.98–1.40)	1.04 (0.82–1.33)
Race (ref.: non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	0.82 (0.57–1.18)	0.63 (0.38–1.02)
Hispanic	0.65c (0.42–0.99)	0.63 (0.33–1.20)
Other race/ethnicity	0.72 (0.37–1.42)	0.85 (0.31–2.34)
Place of hospice care (ref.: agency facility)
Private home	0.86 (0.64–1.14)	0.75 (0.48–1.17)
Nursing home/skilled nursing facility	0.99 (0.73–1.35)	0.95 (0.58–1.57)
Hospital	1.08 (0.71–1.65)	0.99 (0.51–1.92)
Cancer as primary diagnosis at admission	0.71d (0.58–0.86)	0.63d (0.48–0.82)
Deceased	1.07 (0.84–1.38)	1.13 (0.84–1.52)
Lengths of stay (ref.: 0–7 days)
8–21 days	1.02 (0.80–1.28)	1.54c (1.09–2.17)
22–84 days	0.99 (0.79–1.23)	1.22 (0.90–1.66)
85+ days	1.00 (0.78–1.28)	1.37 (0.96–1.96)
Having a living will	0.93 (0.76–1.13)	1.10 (0.83–1.44)
Having a DNR directive	1.20 (0.97–1.49)	1.39c (1.04–1.84)
For profit	0.76c (0.58–1.00)	0.67c (0.48–0.95)
Agency is part of chain	0.87 (0.65–1.18)	1.16 (0.79–1.70)
Agency location (ref.: metropolitan)
Micropolitan	0.93 (0.74–1.17)	1.03 (0.74–1.43)
Rural/nonurban	1.01 (0.80–1.28)	0.91 (0.65–1.28)
Use of opioid analgesics	0.65d (0.49–0.85)	0.54d (0.38–0.77)
Use of any nonpharmacologic strategy	1.04 (0.86–1.26)	1.05 (0.81–1.37)
No pain at first assessment	3.17d (2.63–3.83)

AORs = adjusted odds ratios; ref. = reference; DNR = do not resuscitate.

^aSample restriction: Hospice discharges of patients 65 years or older with both first and last assessments.

^bSample restriction: Hospice discharges of patients 65 years or older for which pain assessment tools used for both first and last assessments were one of the following: 0–10 numeric, 0–10 face, 0–5 numeric, and 0–5 face and verbal categories containing none, mild, moderate, and severe. Also, includes patients with no pain at first assessment only if they received some pain management during their hospice care.

^cP < 0.05.

^dP < 0.01.