TABLE 1.
Sample Characteristics by Race/Ethnicity
| n (%) |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample (N = 588) |
Hispanic (n = 162) |
Non-Hispanic Black (n = 187) |
Non-Hispanic Other (n = 239) |
||
| Female sex | 410 (70) | 115 (71) | 134 (72) | 161 (68) | 0.58 |
| Mean age (SD) (y) | 73.0 (9.9) | 68.3 (8.7) | 72.4 (9.9) | 76.7 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married/partner | 176 (30) | 45 (28) | 31 (16) | 100 (42) | |
| Widowed | 180 (31) | 35 (22) | 72 (39) | 73 (30) | |
| Divorced/separated | 135 (23) | 52 (32) | 48 (26) | 35 (15) | |
| Never married | 96 (16) | 30 (18) | 35 (19) | 31 (13) | |
| Lives alone | 257 (44) | 64 (40) | 88 (47) | 105 (44) | 0.39 |
| Hospital stay before home care | 381 (65) | 126 (78) | 115 (62) | 140 (59) | < 0.001 |
| Mean no. comorbidities (SD)* | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Self-rated health | < 0.001 | ||||
| Poor | 134 (23) | 54 (33) | 44 (24) | 36 (15) | |
| Fair | 223 (38) | 63 (39) | 82 (44) | 78 (33) | |
| Good | 140 (24) | 30 (19) | 43 (23) | 67 (28) | |
| Very good/excellent | 89 (15) | 15 (9) | 16 (9) | 58 (24) | |
| Pain characteristics | |||||
| Pain type (balanced by design) | 0.18 | ||||
| Arthritis but no surgical pain | 199 (34) | 49 (30) | 69 (37) | 81 (34) | |
| Arthritis and surgical pain | 197 (33) | 55 (34) | 52 (28) | 90 (38) | |
| Other pain type | 192 (33) | 58 (36) | 66 (35) | 68 (28) | |
| Mean no. pain sites (SD)† | 5.3 (5.1) | 6.2 (5.6) | 5.6 (6.1) | 4.4 (3.7) | 0.002 |
| Chronic pain | 408 (69) | 125 (77) | 127 (69) | 156 (67) | 0.09 |
| Average pain intensity (SD)‡ | 5.2 (2.2) | 5.9 (2.0) | 5.3 (2.2) | 4.6 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Mean pain-related disability score (SD)§ | 16.1 (5.5) | 17.4 (5.1) | 16.4 (5.6) | 15.0 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Psychosocial factors | |||||
| Mean depressive symptom score (SD)‖ | 8.0 (5.2) | 9.3 (5.5) | 7.7 (5.1) | 7.4 (4.9) | 0.002 |
| Depressive symptom level‖ | 0.03 | ||||
| None/minimal (< 5) | 161 (29) | 37 (24) | 55 (30) | 69 (31) | |
| Mild (5–9) | 200 (36) | 46 (29) | 66 (36) | 88 (40) | |
| Moderate (10–14) | 125 (22) | 43 (28) | 39 (22) | 43 (19) | |
| Moderate/Severe-Severe (15 +) | 74 (13) | 30 (19) | 22 (12) | 22 (10) | |
| Mean pain self-efficacy (SD)¶ | 28.9 (14.0) | 26.4 (13.3) | 27.7 (14.1) | 31.6 (13.9) | < 0.001 |
| Pain self-efficacy¶ | 0.03 | ||||
| Low (0–17) | 128 (24) | 41 (28) | 49 (28) | 38 (17) | |
| Modest (18–30) | 159 (30) | 47 (32) | 51 (29) | 61 (29) | |
| Moderate (31–40) | 132 (24) | 36 (24) | 43 (25) | 53 (25) | |
| High (41–60) | 116 (22) | 24 (16) | 31 (18) | 61 (29) | |
| Mean health literacy score (SD)# | 11.2 (3.5) | 10.2 (3.5) | 10.7 (3.5) | 12.2 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Health literacy score# | < 0.001 | ||||
| Low (3–9) | 186 (33) | 71 (45) | 63 (36) | 52 (22) | |
| Medium (10–14) | 226 (40) | 60 (38) | 72 (42) | 94 (41) | |
| High (15) | 149 (27) | 26 (17) | 38 (22) | 85 (37) | |
Count of comorbidities (see the Methods section).
Based on Margolis Pain Diagram; number of pain sites range from 0 to 45.
Brief Pain Inventory Mean Pain Intensity score estimated as the average level of pain experienced during the past week ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine).
Roland-Morris scale modified for general pain; range is 0 to 24 with higher values indicating greater pain-related disability.
PHQ-8 with depressive symptom scores ranging from 0 to 24 with higher values indicating greater depressive symptom severity.
Pain self-efficacy (PSE) questionnaire with scores ranging from 0 to 60 with higher values indicating greater PSE.
See the Methods section for health literacy questions and scoring.