Table 3.
Liquid Exfoliation
| Method | Parameters | Solvent | BP Thickness (nm) | Device structure | Centrifugation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasonication | 750 W, 5 h, 2 g L–1 | CHP | 2 | – | 1 krpm, 180 min 2 krpm, 3 krpm, 4 krpm, 5 krpm, 10 krpm and 16 krpm for 2 h | 191 |
| Ultrasonication | 400 W, 43 h, RT, ≈6 mg mL–1 | ethanol | 4 to 25 | pulsed laser | 4000 rpm, 60 min | 93 |
| Ultrasonication | 1 mg mL–1, 2 h | IPA, NMP, EA | 5 to 10 | – | 1500 rpm, 20 min | 12 |
| Ultrasonication | 1 mg mL–1, 90 min | NMP | 30 to 60 | – | 3000 rpm, 10 min | 185 |
| Ultrasonication | 3 h | IPA | 5 | saturable absorber | 1500 rpm, 20 min | 239 |
| Ultrasonication | 4 h | NMP | 3 to 9 | saturable absorber mirror | 1500 rpm, 45 min | 95 |
| Ultrasonication | 3 h, 200 W, BP (5 mg), NMP (3 mL) | NMP | 4.9 to 1.9 | flexible memory device | 7000 rpm, 20 min | 118 |
| Ultrasonication | 40 kHz frequency, 80% power, 4 h | NMP | 5.3, 2.8, 1.5 to 2.5 | saturable absorber | 3000 rpm, 10 min 12000 rpm, 20 min (5 to 12 L) 18000 rpm, 20 min (1 to 7 L) | 67 |
| Ultrasonication | 130 W, 15 h, 10 µg mL–1 | DMF, DMSO | 5.8 to 11.8 | – | 2000 rpm, 30 min | 182 |
| Ultrasonication | 15 mg, 20 mL, 12 h | DMF, DMSO | 26 | sensors | 500 rpm, 30 min | 195 |
| Ultrasonication | 40 kHz, 300 W, 10 h | NMP | ≈0.6 to 2 | saturable absorber | 1500 rpm, 10 min | 91 |
| Ultrasonication | – | NMP | 23 | saturable absorber | – | 85 |
| Ultrasonication | 20 mL, 0.1 mg mL–1, 10 h | NMP | 0.84 to 4.22 | sodium‐ion batteries | 5000 rpm, 30 min | 187 |
| Ultrasonication | 5 mg mL–1, 0.164 mol dm–3 of BP in NMP, 820 W, 37 kHz frequency, 30% power, 24 h, 30 °C | NMP | 0.9 to 1.6, 3.5 to 5 | – | 1500 rpm, 45 min | 186 |
| Ultrasonication | 10 mg, 20 mL, 0.5 mg mL–1 | Different solvents | 1 L, 2L | – | 30 min | 196 |
| Ultrasonication | 50 mg, 100 mL, 8 h | water | 2 | photosensitizers | 1500 rpm for 10 min | 114 |
| Ultrasonication | BP, 0.4 g, 12.8 mmol, water (100 mL) 30 min, 20 kHz, 100 W | water | few nm to <20 | biomedical | – | 197 |
| Ultrasonication (tip) | 1 to 10 mg mL–1, 950 W, 30 to 300 min | water | 9.4 | lithium ion battery | 1500 to 5000 rpm for 30 min | 173 |
| Ultrasonication (tip) | ≈30 W power, ≈1 mg mL–1, 1 h | acetone, chloroform, hexane, ethanol, IPA, DMF, and NMP | 16 to 128 | – | 500 to 15 000 rpm for 10 min | 183 |
| Ultrasonication (tip and bath) | BP (25 mg), NMP (25 mL), tip‐sonication (3 h, 1200 W, 19 to 25 kHz), bath‐sonication (300 W, 10 h, below 277 K) | NMP | ≈1.5 | photothermal agents | 7000 rpm, 20 min, 12 000 rpm, 20 min | 205 |
| Ultrasonication, mechanical milling | up to 6 h, 30 min, 400 W, RT | DMF, NMP, DIGLYM, AN | 2 to 5 (3 to 10 L), 20 to 30 | gas sensing | 5000 rpm, 10 000 rpm, 16 000 rpm | 110 |
| Ionic liquids | 100 W, 24 h, ≈0.95 mg mL | I Ls, [HOEMIM] [TfO], [HOEMIM] [BF4] | 3.58, 5.5, 8.9 | – | 4000 rpm, 45 min | 200 |
| Shear mixing | 6 g of BP, 100 mL of NMP sonicated for 2 h, 700 mL of NMP shear mixed at 5000 rpm for 4 h | NMP | 1 L, 2 L | – | – | 196 |
| Shear exfoliation | 0.05 mg mL–1 | NMP | ≈0.9 to 3.5 | rechargeable nanoscale battery | 6000 rpm | 207 |