Table 4.
Means and effect sizes for student, staff, and parent ratings of school connectedness, safety, academic emphasis, and parental involvement.
| Mean | Standard deviation | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen’s d | 95% CI | |||
| Connectedness | ||||
| Student (reference) | 3.23 | 0.67 | ||
| Staff | 3.24 | 0.67 | −0.01 | −0.08, 0.05 |
| Parent | 3.15 | 0.7 | 0.11 | 0.07, 0.15 |
| Parent vs. Staff | −0.12 | −0.19, −0.06 | ||
| Safety | ||||
| Student (reference) | 3.22 | 0.64 | ||
| Staff | 3.10 | 0.62 | 0.19 | 0.13, 0.25 |
| Parent | 3.07 | 0.84 | 0.20 | 0.16, 0.24 |
| Parent vs. Staff | −0.04 | −0.10, 0.03 | ||
| Academic emphasis | ||||
| Student (reference) | 3.74 | 0.47 | ||
| Staff | 3.69 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.05, 0.17 |
| Parent | 3.76 | 0.45 | −0.05 | −0.09, −0.01 |
| Parent vs. Staff | 0.16 | 0.10, 0.23 | ||
| Parental involvement | ||||
| Student (reference) | 3.30 | 0.68 | ||
| Staff | 3.17 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 0.13, 0.26 |
| Parent | 3.20 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.12, 0.20 |
| Parent vs. Staff | 0.04 | −0.01, 0.11 | ||