Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data.
| Demographic and clinical data | Healthy controls (n = 20) | Schizophrenia outpatients (n = 20) | Test for between-group differences |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) |
t = 0.13; ns Z adj. = 0.28; ns |
| 39.55 (9.50) | 39.95 (9.49) | ||
| Sex | n (%) | n (%) | Chi^2 = 0.10; ns |
| Male | 11 (55%) | 10 (50%) | |
| Female | 9 (45%) | 10 (50%) | |
| Education (in years) | 13.80 (2.21) | 14.80 (2.38) |
t = 1.38; ns Z adj. = 1.42; ns |
| MoCA | 26.55 (2.93) | 25.00 (2.36) |
t = − 1.84; p = 0.073 Z adj. = − 2.08; p = 0.037 |
| Schizophrenia diagnosis: | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Paranoid | n/a | 16 (80%) | |
| Undifferentiated | n/a | 2 (10%) | |
| Schizoaffective disorder | n/a | 2 (10%) | |
| Type of pharmacotherapy: | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Atypical antipsychotics | n/a | 14 (70%) | |
| Typical and atypical antypsychotics mixed | n/a | 5 (25%) | |
| Anxiolytics | n/a | 2 (10%) | |
| Antidepressants | n/a | 2 (10%) | |
| Mood stabilizers | n/a | 4 (20%) | |
| Characteristic of the illness: | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | |
| Duration of psychosis (in years) | n/a | 16.65 (8.17) | |
| Number of relapses | n/a | 9.35 (8.02) | |
| Number of hospitalizations | n/a | 7.90 (5.54) | |
| Chlorpromazine equivalent (mg/day) | n/a | 495.00 (339.08) | |
| PANSS | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | |
| Total | n/a | 55.35 (16.14) | |
| Positive | n/a | 10.60 (5.04) | |
| Negative | n/a | 14.95 (5.04) | |
| Disorganization | n/a | 8.40 (4.24) | |
| Excitement | n/a | 5.90 (2.43) | |
| Emotional distress | n/a | 8.20 (2.84) |
Subjects demographics and clinical data were presented as n (%) for nominal variable and as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative data. Schizophrenia diagnosis was indicated by ICD-10 and contains: paranoid schizophrenia (F.20.0), undifferentiated schizophrenia (F20.3) and schizoaffective disorder (F25.0). All but one patient were taking antipsychotic medication, including conventional (1st generation: flupentixol, haloperidol, levomepromazine, promazine) and/or atypical (2nd generation: amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sulpiride, quetiapine; 3rd generation: aripiprazole) neuroleptics. Additionally, some patients received antidepressants (escitalopram, paroxetine), anxiolytics (hydroxyzine) and/or mood stabilizers (carbamazepine, lithium, valproic acid). The significance level in all statistical analyses equaled alpha = 0.05. n/a – non available; ns - non-significant group difference.