Table 5.
Results of the fMRI data on the three-step model of humor comprehension contrasts.
| Contrast/side/brain region | Healthy controls (n = 20) |
Schizophrenia outpatients (n = 20) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BA | k | MNI (x; y; z) | Pseudo-t | BA | k | MNI (x; y; z) | Pseudo-t | |
| 1. INCONGRUITY DETECTION (ABS vs NEU) | ||||||||
| Activations (ABS > NEU) | ||||||||
| L ventromedial Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 11/47 | 15 | − 24; 41; − 10 | 5.38 | ||||
| R ventromedial Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 11/47 | 13 | 27; 38; − 10 | 4.56 | ||||
| R dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex | 24 | 12 | 9; − 4; 29 | 3.88 | ||||
| Deactivations (ABS < NEU) | ||||||||
| L ventrolateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 47/10 | 62 | − 42; 47; − 7 | 4.99 | ||||
| R ventrolateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 47/10 | 17 | 48; 47; − 7 | 4.62 | ||||
| L > R dorsomedial Superior Frontal Gyrus/Middle Frontal Gyrus | 8/9 | 828 | − 12; 32; 59 | 6.46 | 6 | 10 | − 12; 20; 62 | 3.44 |
| L dorsolateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | 8/9 | 18 | − 42; 8; 50 | 4.12 | ||||
| R dorsolateral Middle Frontal Gyrus | 8/9 | 30 | 42; 23; 38 | 3.89 | ||||
| R anterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Temporal Pole | 21/38 | 52 | 51; 11; − 28 | 6.25 | ||||
| R posterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Superior Temporal Gyrus | 21/22 | 16 | 36; − 1; − 16 | 3.37 | ||||
| 15 | 42; − 37; 11 | 3.90 | ||||||
| L dorsolateral Inferior Parietal Lobe/Angular/Supramarginal Gyrus | 40 | 41 | − 51; − 58; 44 | 4.13 | ||||
| R Inferior Parietal Lobe | 40 | 50 | 36; − 43; 26 | 4.51 | ||||
| L Middle Occipital Gyrus | 18 | 22 | − 15; − 100; 5 | 4.44 | 19 | 14 | − 6; − 94; 8 | 3.81 |
| R Middle Occipital Gyrus | 18 | 15 | 15; − 97; 11 | 3.79 | 19 | 38 | 27; − 85; 8 | 4.35 |
| 12 | 27; − 73; 20 | 3.76 | ||||||
| 16 | 36; − 70; − 7 | 3.30 | ||||||
| 2. INCONGRUITY RESOLUTION AND ELABORATION (FUN vs ABS) | ||||||||
| Activations (FUN > ABS) | ||||||||
| L > R dorsomedial Superior Frontal Gyrus | 8/9 | 1608 | − 6; 38; 41 | 10.40 | 8/9 | 46 | − 12; 44; 47 | 4.60 |
| L posterior Middle Temporal Gyrus | 21 | 23 | − 63; − 37; − 1 | 3.70 | ||||
| L posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus | 22 | 40 | − 48; − 28; − 1 | 4.58 | ||||
| R anterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Temporal Pole | 21/38 | 701 | 51; 11; − 28 | 7.38 | 38 | 37 | 48; 8; − 22 | 4.59 |
| R posterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Superior Temporal Gyrus | 21/22 | 110 | 51; − 19; − 7 | 5.22 | ||||
| 14 | 72; − 19; − 4 | 3.77 | ||||||
| L Temporo-Parietal Junction | 39 40 | 2060 | − 51; − 64; 32 | 8.24 | 39/40 | 236 | − 57; − 58; 17 | 5.47 |
| R Temporo-Parietal Junction | 39/40 | 355 | 54; − 52; 26 | 7.36 | 39/40 | 107 | 54; − 61; 23 | 4.62 |
| L > R Precuneus | 31 | 189 | − 9; − 49; 38 | 5.27 | 31 | 31 | 0; − 55; 32 | 4.55 |
| L posterior Cerebellum | – | 64 | − 24; − 79; − 31 | 5.07 | ||||
| L > R Caudate nucleus | – | 131 | − 12; 14; 14 | 4.83 | ||||
| Deactivations (FUN < ABS) | ||||||||
| R dorsolateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 46/10 | 20 | 42; 41; 11 | 4.71 | ||||
| R ventromedial Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 11/47 | 34 | 21; 41; − 7 | 4.70 | ||||
| L ventromedial Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 47/11 | 25 | − 21; 44; − 10 | 4.55 | ||||
| 3. COMPLETE HUMOR PROCESSING (FUN vs NEU) | ||||||||
| Activations (FUN > NEU) | ||||||||
| L ventrolateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 45 | 12 | − 45; 23; − 1 | 3.73 | ||||
| L anterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Superior Temporal Gyrus | 21 | 16 | − 57; − 4; − 13 | 4.06 | ||||
| R anterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Temporal Pole | 21/38 | 119 | 51; − 1; − 31 | 4.38 | ||||
| R posterior Middle Temporal Gyrus/Superior Temporal Gyrus | 22 | 17 | 54; − 16; − 7 | 4.34 | ||||
| L Temporo-Parietal Junction | 39/40 | 381 | − 54; − 61; 26 | 5.49 | 39/40 | 191 | − 57; − 55; 14 | 4.33 |
| R Temporo-Parietal Junction | 39/40 | 59 | 60; − 52; 26 | 4.68 | 39/40 | 11 | 57; − 55; 20 | 4.58 |
| Deactivations (FUN < NEU) | ||||||||
| R dorsolateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 46/10 | 21 | 42; 44; 17 | 4.51 | ||||
| R orbital Superior Frontal Gyrus | 10 | 11 | 24; 56; − 1 | 3.62 | ||||
List of brain regions revealed by within-group's contrasts during humor comprehension process. Statistical analysis utilized a non-parametric whole-brain voxel-wise Pseudo-t-test. Localizations are reported as local maximum threshold with k ≥ 10 voxels extent threshold and with False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction at alpha = 0.0500, or uncorrected at alpha = 0.0010. L – left hemisphere; R – right hemisphere; BA – Brodmann's area; k – number of voxels in analyzed cluster size; MNI - Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates.