Table 5.

Bias by Class for Estimation of Outcome Means E(Y|C) in Selected Conditions

Homoskedastic Normal True Distribution
	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3
True E(Y|C)	0.300	0.000	−0.300
Unadjusted	−0.031	−0.001	0.030
ML	−0.002	−0.001	0.001
BCH	−0.002	−0.001	0.001
Inclusive	0.011	−0.002	−0.011
Quadratic	0.011	−0.001	−0.011
Heteroskedastic Normal True Distribution
	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3
True E(Y|C)	0.600	0.000	−0.600
Unadjusted	−0.059	0.000	0.060
ML	−0.513	−0.039	0.550
BCH	−0.002	0.000	0.003
Inclusive	−0.969	0.370	0.122
Quadratic	0.014	0.012	−0.018
Exponential True Distribution
	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3
True E(Y|C)	1.800	1.400	1.000
Unadjusted	−0.039	−0.002	0.044
ML	0.032	−0.064	0.037
BCH	0.000	−0.004	0.006
Inclusive	0.016	−0.003	−0.009
Quadratic	0.014	−0.002	−0.008

Note. In order to conserve space, this table contains only results for high effect size scenario, poor measurement quality, even class size scenario, and modal assignment method.