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. 2017 Jun 16;7:3646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03509-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Fraction of Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ in the samples based on XAFS analysis. The Magnéli phase composition of each sample was determined based on the XRD spectra of (b) TiO_x-A, (c) TiO_x-B, and (d) TiO_x-C. (i) is the spectra of as-synthesized nanoparticles and (ii) is the spectra of heat-treated nanoparticles.