Table 3.
Urinary concentrations of urinary biomarkers of PAHs, VOCs and oxidative stress
| Biomarker | OH-PAH (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=68) | Fasting (N=23) | Lunch (N=23) | Dinner (N=15) | Sauna (N=7) | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |
| 2-naphthol***,# | 36.2 (21.2–61.3) | 23.9 (17.1–49.5) | 37.0 (24.9–62.0) | 31.7 (20.8–40.1) | 295.9 (74.4–430.9) |
| 1-hydroxyfluorene** | 2.1 (1.1–3.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.1) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 2.1 (1.6–3.4) | 11.4 (2.3–17.6) |
| 2-hydroxyfluorene***,# | 4.7 (2.9–11.0) | 3.5 (2.4–8.7) | 4.7 (2.9–11.6) | 3.9 (2.3–5.7) | 40.4 (7.1–66.2) |
| 3-hydroxyfluorene** | 2.1 (1.1–5.0) | 2.0 (0.9–4.7) | 2.1 (1.1–5.1) | 1.8 (0.9–4.3) | 11.1 (3.3–14.5) |
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene** | 1.9 (0.9–3.0) | 1.6 (0.7–2.7) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) | 1.9 (0.9–2.7) | 8.9 (1.6–15.4) |
| 2-hydroxyphenanthrene* | 5.4 (2.9–8.8) | 5.1 2.5–8.8) | 5.3 (3.0–8.4) | 4.0 (2.6–6.9) | 19.8 (6.1–35.5) |
| 3,4-hydroxyphenanthrene***,# | 4.9 (2.2–8.0) | 4.7 (2.0–7.1) | 5.0 (2.2–8.3) | 3.7 (2.0–5.3) | 24.6 (5.8–56.8) |
| 1-hydroxypyrene** | 4.4 (2.6–8.7) | 3.5 (2.6–7.8) | 4.5 (2.5–10.1) | 4.2 (2.4–7.2) | 20.3 (6.0–36.2) |
| Biomarker | VOC (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| Total (N=68) | Fasting (N=23) | Lunch (N=23) | Dinner (N=15) | Sauna (N=7) | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |
| PMA***,### (Benzene) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 1.3 (0.5–2.3) | 1.6 (0.8–3.8) | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) | 6.1 (1.7–10.9) |
| MHBMA-3 (1,3- butadiene) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.2–0.8) | 0.6 (0.2–1.1) |
| HEMA (ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride) | 4.5 (3.7–6.7) | 4.4 (3.3–7.0) | 4.2 (3.4–6.6) | 4.5 (3.7–6.4) | 5.8 (4.9–8.8) |
| MMA# (methylating agents) | 94.3 (49.6–177.8) | 108.3 (49.0–229.0) | 79.7 (40.7–152.9) | 111.8 (60.3–203.7) | 93.4 (77.6–189.4) |
| CNEMA*** (acrylonitrile) | 7.8 (5.5–14.7) | 6.9 (4.4–13.9) | 8.6 (5.6–14.7) | 7.0 (5.2–11.1) | 48.1 (28.2–81.2) |
| 3HPMA** (acrolein) | 339.8 (215.3–499.3) | 268.0 (178.3–398.6) | 376.8 (219.4–523.5) | 313.0 (214.6–574.3) | 571.7 (429.3–1040.7) |
| 2HPMA (propylene oxide) | 24.2 20.5–31.1) | 24.4 (21.7–31.4) | 22.5 (17.5–30.4) | 24.3 (18.6–33.6) | 27.9 (21.7–39.0) |
| AAMA (acrylamide) | 141.5 (97.5–201.1) | 144.8 (104.7–203.0) | 132.0 (91.3–193.6) | 127.0 (92.3–166.9) | 207.4 (171.9–277.2) |
| HPMMA***,### (crotonaldehyde) | 211.2 (173.1–301.1) | 187.4 57.2–235.3) | 219.0 (166.6–308.3) | 209.4 (177.6–340.5) | 293.9 (263.4–371.8) |
| Biomarker | Oxidative stress (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| Total (N=68) | Fasting (N=23) | Lunch (N=23) | Dinner (N=15) | Sauna (N=7) | |
| Median (IQR): | Median (IQR): | Median (IQR): | Median (IQR): | Median (IQR): | |
| isoprostane* | 2.3 (1.8–3.1) | 2.7 (1.9–3.1) | 2.4 (1.9–1.2) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 2.3 (2.2–3.5) |
| 8-OHdG | 85.2 (60.5–109.9) | 73.7 (47.2–109.9) | 98.7 (71.3–115.2) | 85.2 (62.5–98.5) | 57.1 (37.5–121.2) |
*
indicates a significant difference among fasting, lunch, dinner and sauna by the Skillings-Mack Test and # indicates a significant difference by the Skillings-Mack Test excluding the sauna samples. (*, #p < 0.05; **, ##p < 0.01; ***, ###p < 0.005)