Table 6.
Comparison of urinary biomarker levels in present study (n=23 women) to those of smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke
| Biomarker | OH-PAH (ng/mg creatinine)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Study Median (IQR) | Smokera (n=238) Median (IQR) | Second-hand smoke exposure | |
| 1-hydroxypyrene | 5.3 (2.9–9.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2)***,### | – |
| 2-naphthol | 34.3 (25.2–93.7) | 14.8 (9.4–21.5)***,### | – |
| Sum of hydroxyfluroenes | 8.9 (6.6–22.7) | 4.4 (3.0–6.2)***,### | – |
| Sum of hydroxyphenanthrenes | 11.3 (8.2–25.3) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6)***,### | – |
|
| |||
|
VOC
|
|||
| Biomarker | Present Study | Smokerb (n=347) (ng/mL) | Second-hand smoke exposurec (n=14)(ng/mg creatinine) |
| Mean±SD (ng/mL) Median (IQR) (ng/mg creatinine) | Mean±SD | Median (IQR) | |
|
| |||
| PMA (benzene) | 2.5±2.6 1.5 (0.8–4.0) | 0.92±2.11* | 0.38 (0.26–0.42)***,### |
| MHBMA-3 (1,3-butadiene) | 0.6±0.3 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 36±34*** | 0.65 (0.43–0.87)### |
| HEMA (ethylene oxide) | 5.0±2.4 4.5 (3.7–5.8) | 1.90±3.70*** | 2.93 (2.19–5.12)***,## |
| MMA (methylating agents) | 141.4±126.4 94.7 (69.0–250.9) | 46.9 (33.3–121.0)***,# | |
| CNEMA (acrylonitrile) | 39.9±122.7 8.9 (5.8–25.4) | 187±181*** | 2.53 (2.10–2.88)***,### |
| 3HPMA (acrolein) | 555.1±632.6 369.0 (261.4–648.1) | 1546±1643*** | 150.2 (127.8–191.7)***,### |
| 2HPMA (propylene oxide) | 25.0±10.8 25.6 (20.3–29.2) | 185±235*** | 35.9 (17.1–63.6)***,### |
| AAMA (acrylamide) | 169.0±124.8 155.5 (108.0–199.6) | 196±180 | 50.0 (37.4–66.1)***,### |
| HPMMA (crotonaldehyde) | 357.2±350.5 239.2 (181.0–488.1) | 1,992±2,009*** | 154.7 (109.6–183.1)***,### |
|
| |||
|
Oxidative Stress (ng/mg creatinine)
|
|||
| Biomarker | Present Study Mean±SD | Smokerd (n=85) Mean±SD | Second-hand smoke exposure |
|
| |||
| isoprostane | 2.8±1.4 | 1.4±0.8***,# | – |
| 8-OHdG | 91.3±26.2 | 10.7±4.1***,### | – |
Metabolite concentrations compared to values of Chinese smokers (mean cigarettes per day = 18.0) from Benowitz et al. 2015 using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Metabolite concentrations compared to values of American smokers (serum cotinine ≥ 10 ng/mL) from Alwis et al. 2012 using the t test.
Metabolite concentrations compared to values of people exposed to cigarette smoke within a car for an hour from St. Helen st al. 2014 using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Metabolite concentrations compared to values of healthy smokers from Campos et al 2011 using the t test.
indicates significant difference between the mean metabolite concentration and that of comparison group and # indicates significant difference between the minimum metabolite concentration and that of the comparison group (*,#p < 0.05; **,##p < 0.01; ***,###p < 0.005)