TABLE 1.
Comparison of Socio-demographics and Clinical features among Stroke Survivors with High Risk versus Low Risk Sleep Apnea using the Berlin Questionnaire
| Variable | High-Risk OSA (n=99) | Low-Risk OSA (n=101) | Total n =200 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 48 (48.5) | 47 (46.5) | 95 (47.5) | 0.78 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 64 (55–73) | 58 (50–72) | 62 (52–72) | 0.03 |
| Educational level | 0.09 | |||
| None | 11 (11.1) | 25 (24.8) | 36 (18.0) | |
| Primary | 30 (30.3) | 26 (25.7) | 56 (28.0) | |
| Secondary | 42 (42.4) | 35 (34.7) | 77 (38.5) | |
| Tertiary | 16 (16.2) | 15 (14.9) | 31 (15.5) | |
| Location of residence | 0.50 | |||
| Rural | 2 (2.0) | 5 (5.0) | 7 (3.5) | |
| Semi-urban | 26 (26.3) | 28 (27.7) | 54 (27.0) | |
| Urban | 71 (71.7) | 68 (67.3) | 139 (69.5) | |
| Vascular Risk Factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 93 (93.9) | 93 (92.1) | 186 (93.0) | 0.62 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 33 (33.3) | 29 (28.7) | 62 (31.0) | 0.48 |
| Dyslipidemia | 41 (41.4) | 44 (43.6) | 85 (42.5) | 0.76 |
| Alcohol excess | 30 (30.3) | 18 (17.8) | 48 (24.0) | 0.04 |
| Cigarette smoking | 4 (4.0) | 9 (8.9) | 13 (6.5) | 0.16 |
| Cardiac diseases | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0.08 |
| Physical inactivity | 35 (35.4) | 37 (36.6) | 72 (36.0) | 0.85 |
| Normal (BMI <25kg/m2) | 34 (34.3) | 35 (34.7) | 69 (34.5) | 0.72 |
| Overweight (BMI > 25kg/m2) | 40 (40.4) | 45 (44.6) | 85 (42.5) | |
| Obesity (BMI >30kg/m2) | 25 (25.3) | 21 (20.8) | 46 (23.0) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) mean ± SD | 27.6 ± 4.9 | 26.9 ± 4.8 | 27.2 ± 4.9 | 0.28 |
| Stroke type | 0.58 | |||
| Ischemic | 72 (72.7) | 68 (67.3) | 140 (70.0) | |
| Hemorrhagic | 15 (15.2) | 21 (20.8) | 36 (18.0) | |
| Undetermined | 12 (12.1) | 12 (11.9) | 24 (12.0) | |
| Duration of stroke in years, Median (IQR) | 1.5 (1–4) | 2.0 (1–5) | 2.0 (1–4) | 0.52 |
| NIHSS, Median (IQR) | 5 (1–11) | 9 (3–14) | 8 (2–12) | 0.004 |
| Barthel’s Index score, Mean ± SD | 67.8 ± 33.0 | 81.8 ± 25.9 | 74.9 ± 30.4 | 0.001 |
| Modified Rankin Score, Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 0.14 |
| Center of Epidemiological Study | 78 (78.8) | 79 (78.2) | 157 (78.5) | 0.92 |
| Depression score ≥ 16, n (%) | ||||
| Geriatric Depression Scale, n (%) | 0.99 | |||
| 0–4 (depression less likely) | 42 (42.4) | 43 (42.6) | 85 (42.5) | |
| 5–9 (suggestive of depression) | 49 (49.5) | 50 (49.5) | 99 (49.5) | |
| ≥10 (indicative of depression) | 8 (8.1) | 8 (7.9) | 16 (8.0) | |
| HRQOLISP | ||||
| Physical domain (%), median (IQR) | 63 (46–83) | 60 (46–76) | 60 (46–80) | 0.36 |
| Psycho-social domain (%), median (IQR) | 66 (57–77) | 63 (53–73) | 63 (54–74) | 0.19 |
| Cognitive domain (%), median (IQR) | 80 (56–88) | 72 (52–88) | 76 (52–88) | 0.10 |
| Eco-social domain (%), median (IQR) | 77 (66–89) | 71 (64–81) | 74 (66–86) | 0.05 |
CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, score of >16 is considered depressed. HRQOLISP= Health-Related Quality of Life in Stroke Patients questionnaire