Table 2.
Implications of M1 and M2 microglia relevant markers in HD.
| M1 marker | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| IL-1 β | Pro-inflammatory cytokine | Primary microglia isolated from transgenic HD porcine model (Valekova et al., 2016) Plasma of HD patient (Politis et al., 2015) |
| IL-6 | Primary glial cells isolated from R6/2; Plasma and CSF from HD patient (Bjorkqvist et al., 2008) Plasma of HD patient (Dalrymple et al., 2007; Politis et al., 2015) Post-mortem brain of HD patient (Silvestroni et al., 2009) Plasma of HD patient and mouse model (Chang et al., 2015) |
|
| IL-8 | Primary microglia isolated from transgenic HD porcine model (Valekova et al., 2016) Primary glial cells isolated from R6/2; Plasma and CSF from HD patient (Bjorkqvist et al., 2008) Plasma of HD patient (Politis et al., 2015) Post-mortem brain of HD patient (Silvestroni et al., 2009) |
|
| TNF-α | Primary glial cells isolated from R6/2; Plasma and CSF from HD patient (Bjorkqvist et al., 2008) Plasma of HD patient (Politis et al., 2015) |
|
| CCL2 | Chemokine | Post-mortem brain of HD patient (Silvestroni et al., 2009) |
| MMP-9 | Extracellular proteins | Post-mortem brain of HD patient (Silvestroni et al., 2009) Plasma of HD patient and mouse model (Chang et al., 2015) |
| M2 Marker | Description | Reference |
| IL-10 | Cytokine | Post-mortem brain of HD patient (Silvestroni et al., 2009) |
| VEGF | Growth factor | Plasma of HD patient and mouse model (Chang et al., 2015) |
| TGF-β | (Di Pardo et al., 2013) Plasma of HD patient and mouse model (Chang et al., 2015) |
|
| IGF-1 | Primary microglia isolated from transgenic HD porcine model (Valdeolivas et al., 2015) |
IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; chemokine CCL2, C-C motif ligand 2; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1.