Table 2.
Effects of tillage regime, crop residue management, crop, and growing season on bacterial and fungal β-diversity.
| Bacteria | Fungi | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Main test | F | P(perm) | R2 | F | P(perm) | R2 |
| Tillage | 6.9 | ∗∗∗ | 7 | 9.7 | ∗∗ | 10 |
| Residue | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1 |
| Crop | 6.6 | ∗∗∗ | 7 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 9 |
| Season | 3.2 | ∗∗∗ | 10 | 7.5 | ∗∗∗ | 19 |
| Tillage∗season | 1.1 | 0.2 | 3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 3 |
| (B) Pairwise test | t | Padjust | Avg sim | t | Padjust | Avg sim |
| s-CT, s-RT | 1.6 | ∗∗∗ | 69.9 | 1.8 | ∗∗∗ | 59.9 |
| l-CT, l-RT | 1.6 | ∗∗∗ | 67.0 | 2.1 | ∗∗∗ | 51.7 |
| f-CT, f-RT | 1.3 | ∗ | 73.3 | 1.5 | ∗∗ | 58.2 |
| t-CT, t-RT | 1.9 | ∗∗∗ | 71.3 | 1.9 | ∗∗∗ | 56.4 |
| g-CT, g-RT | 1.1 | 0.1 | 69.3 | 1.7 | ∗∗∗ | 58.7 |
(A) Effects of main factors and their interactions as assessed by multivariate permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Main factors represent tillage (CT, RT), residue management (R+, R-), crop (Vicia faba and Triticum aestivum), and growing season (s, seedling; l, leaf development; f, flowering; t, tillering; g, grain filling). s, l, and f correspond to early, intermediate and late stage of V. faba, and t and g correspond to early and late stage of T. aestivum. Values represent the pseudo-F ratio (F), the permutation-based level of significance [P(perm)] and the proportion of variance explained by each factor (R2). (B) Pairwise comparisons between tillage regimes over the season of the two crops. Values represent the univariate t-statistic (t), the permutation-based level of significance adjusted for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate correction according to Benjamini–Hochberg (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) (Padjust), and the average between-group Bray–Curtis similarity (avg sim). Significant results are labeled in bold (∗p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001).