Table 4.

Effects of tillage regime, crop residue management, and growing season on soil physical and chemical soil properties.

(A) Effects of main factors and their interactions as assessed by univariate permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Main factors represent tillage (CT, RT), residue management (R+, R-), crop (V. faba and T. aestivum), and growing season (s, seedling; l, leaf development; f, flowering; t, tillering; g, grain filling). s, l, and f correspond to early, intermediate and late stage of V. faba, and t and g correspond to early and late stage of T. aestivum. Values represent the pseudo-F ratio (F) and the permutation-based level of significance (P). (B) Distance based-linear analysis (DISTLM) between microbial β-diversity and soil parameters. Values represent the variance component (VC) and the permutation-based level of significance (P). The significant results are provided in bold (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001).