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. 2017 Jun 19;8:340. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00340

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Copyright © 2017 Yang, Kuboyama and Tohda.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Brain-penetrating metabolites after the oral administration of DR extracts to 5XFAD mice. DR extract (13 g kg^-1, p.o.) or vehicle solution (saline) was administered to mice (male and females, 12 months old, n = 3) as a single dose. Mice were sacrificed 0.5 or 5 h after treatment, and the brain cortex was extracted with methanol and subjected to LC-MS analysis. (A) Extracted ion current (EIC) chromatograms of naringenin glucuronide (m/z = 449.1065) and naringenin (m/z = 273.0751). (A1) Without DR treatment; (A2) 30 min after DR treatment; (A3) 5 h after DR treatment. (B) Proposed structures of the DR metabolites identified as naringenin-7/4′-O-glucuronide and naringenin (Upper) and mass fragmentation characteristics of naringenin glucuronide (Lower). (C) Comparison of the EIC chromatograms for naringenin-7/4′-O-glucuronide, naringenin, and naringin standards and samples obtained 5 h after DR treatment.